.
. (, ) (. 64). α d, . . . , . 64 , , Δ x Δ y, . .
xB = xA + Δ x;
yB = xA + Δ y. (48.1)
. 64.
Δ Δ . Δ Δ α d:
Δ x = d cosα;
Δ y = d sinα. (48.2)
(48.2) (48.1),
xB = xA + d cosα;
yB = yA + d sinα. (48.3)
.
, , .
(. ) (, ), d α (. . 64). .
, . 64, :
Δ x = xB xA;
Δ y = yB yA. (48.4)
α
tg α = ; α = arctg ; d = . (48.5)
(48.5) , d . , :
d = . (48.6)
, , .
1:500 ÷1:5000. , .
, . 1 2 1 2 .
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1 2 . 1 2 , .
1 2 . . 2, 5.
1 2 .
2, 5. :
;
;
.
1:300000 ÷ 1:25000.
1:1000 ÷ 1:2000, .
() , 5-10.
( ). 2-3- ,
. , , .
, . . 1 1, 2 0,5. . : , - .
1 2 . , .
, . .
1. , , 2 . , , , , , , .
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. (. 65, ). . (. 65, ).
, (. 65, ). (. 65, ), (. 63, ).
β 1,..., β n 30 β= 30 ". Δ= 2 t, t . 30 t = l' Δ= 2'.
. 65. :
; ;
; -
D D
.
, 20, d=D cos α.
1, 2, 3,..., N. .
, , , .
.
1. . :
, ;
350 40 20 ;
;
, .
. , , . , . , 20-30. .
2. 30" . 45".
. . 1:2000 , (, , . .) 1:1000.
, (. 25).
, . 8º, , 1:10000 .
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. 2º, 1:30000 .
. . , : , , , , , . .
() . , ∑ β . , . . fβ () :
fβ = ∑ β ∑ β . (50.1)
fβ, , () .
, .
. 66.
(50.1)
.
.
(. . 65, )
= 1800(n 2), (50.2)
n .
. (. . 65, ) . , , α α CD.
. 66, , β 1 α 1
1 α1 = α + 180º β 1.
α1 = α + 180º β 1;
α2 = α1 + 180º β 2;
(50.3)
α3 = α2 + 180º β 3;
.
α = αn-1 + 180º β n.
α i 360º, 360º, 180º α i
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α i = α i -1 180º βi.
(48.3),
α = α + 180ºn ,
, β , , ,
:
= α α + 180ºn (50.4)
(. 66, ) α1 = α+ β 180º. (50.4)
= α α + 180ºn (50.5)
, :
f β = (50.6)
(50.4) (50.5); , . .
, (50.7)
m .
(50.6) , (50.7), . , , .
fβ ,
.(50.8)
, .
: .
, ,
. (50.9)
,
α i = α i- 1 1800 βiyy (50.10)
.
, . 66,
α i = α i- 1 1800 + βiyy. (50.11)
β.
, (50.10) (50.11) .
α1 = α 1800 β n,
β n .
.
. , ,
; . (50.12)
Δ xi Δ yi , . . () X Y fx fy
;
. (50.13)
. . 65,
x 1 = x + Δ x 1; y 1 = y + Δ y 1;
x 2 = x 1 + Δ x 2; y 2 = y 1 +Δ y 2; (50.14)
..
x = x n-1 + Δ x n-1; y = y n-1 + Δ y n-1
(50.14),
x = x + ; y = y + .
= x x ;
= y y , (50.15)
. . . , (50.15)
= 0;
= 0. (50.16)
f x f y (50.13) (50.15) (50.16), fS
fS = (50.17)
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,
[ S ] .
fS , , . , . fS , . tg = fy/fx, , , α, .
, . fx fy di.
, (50.18)
;
. (50.19)
Δ xi = Δ xi + VΔ xi,
Δ yi = Δ yi + VΔ yi. (50.20)
(50.14) .
.
.