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. , . , , , , . .
, , . , . . 7 .
. , .
7
1. , 0 () | 20 (293) |
2. , , , , , , , ( . .) | 100 (750) |
3. , , . .2, ( . .) | 101,3 (760) |
4. , , , % | |
5. , % | |
6. , , , , , , % | |
7. , . 4 6, % | |
8. , /2 | 1,2 |
9. , /2 | 9,8 |
10. , | |
11.. , . 10 | |
12. , | 50 (1%) |
13. , | 220 (10%) |
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. , .
( , .), , (, ), , . (, , ) ( , , ).
(, ), ..
- . , . , .
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, , , .
, .
.
( 5).
.
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( ). ( ) .
, , , . . .
. . ( [2, 9, 26, 28]).
, ( ), , . .
x1, x2, , xn (n , ), . , , , .
: , . . ( , , , . ., , [16, 26]).
. ( ).
, .
1: . n>200 , [4]. (n=20200) [15].
.
1. X, : , , , .
[2].
β∙n ≤ l ≤ β∙n+1 (β 0,05 0,1). l ( ), ( ).
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( , P(X<Me) = P(X>Me =0,5):
n
Me=0,5 (xn/2 + xn/2+1)
n
Me=x (n+1)/2
XR=(x1+xn)/2
- n 4
XR2=0,5 (xn/4+1 + x 3n/4)
- n
XR2=0,5 (x(n+2).4 + x (3n+2)/4)
- (n-1) 4
XR2=0,5 (x(n-1)/4+1 + x (3n+1)/4)
- (n+1) 4
XR2=0,5 (x(n+1)/4+1 + x (3n-1)/4)
X κ (. ). 0<κ<0,45; 0,45 ≤ κ <0,67; 0,67 ≤ κ <1,0.
2. ( )
r .
3.
4. .
=μ4/S4.
γ= 3
κ=1/√ (0<κ<1)
5. (),
1 4.
6. .
γ=μ3/S3.
( n , , ).
, | γ |≤ 1,5∙S(γ).
7. (.7)
0,6 |
. 7.
8.
) xmin xmax . ,
m=(4/κ)∙lg(n/10).
κ (. 4).
n = 40 100 7 9.
d= (xmax - xmin)/ m.
m=√n, m=1+3,31∙lg n, , 8.207 [2, 4, 26].
) nk k-
p k = nk / n;
) - x ( 8) ( , ) , (. 8)
pk |
Fk |
x |
x |
) |
) |
Δ x |
. 8. , (. ) (. ).
9. .
,
=Δ/S.
( [2, 15, 29 ]), - . : (χ2) ω2 .
2916 2005 [2]. .
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2. , . / S . , , , . ( ) .
Θ (18) (19).
( 14) [4].
[q] - .
, q2<< 2q,
[4] [q]=0,05 (5%). nmax= 27 / (Θ/S)2. [q] 0,005 n max 10 . [q]=0,022 (2,2%), nmax= 65 / (Θ/S)2, , [25].
n max . n max < 4 .
n=n max Θ().
nmax . .
(27)
t - , .
, n<30, .
( Θ j - , m ).
k n
: ; P.
,
uA=S .
(18) (19).
[21, 24]
U(P)= ko∙ uC (30)
.
( )
.
, , . - . k 0 .
[24] k0
k0 = tp (ν eff) (65)
tp (ν eff) ( 8) ν eff ( ) P.
ν = n 1 .
8. tp(ν) , ν P
ν | = 0,95 | = 0,99 | ν | = 0,95 | = 0,99 |
3,182 2,776 2,571 2,447 2,365 2,306 2,262 2,228 2,179 2,145 | 5,841 4,604 4,032 3,707 3,499 3,355 3,250 3,169 3,055 2,977 | ∞ | 2,120 2,101 2,086 2,074 2,064 2,056 2,048 2,042 1,960 | 2,921 2,878 2,845 2,819 2,797 2,779 2,763 2,750 2,576 |
[24] , . =0,95 k 0 = 2, =0,99 k 0 = 3. - =0,95 k 0 = 1,65; =0,99 k 0 = 1,71.
|
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3. , . .
Θ R ( ). ( ) . . , .
1. , ,
2. ( )
3. , ( 20), (n> 20), (, , ). [2, 9, 26 .]. ,
t P . ,
= 0,95 t = 4,48.
4. S n, (n - ). Θ S (.102), .
5. S ( )
6. .
7. 8.207 . 15< n <50 , n>50 -. n≤15 .
, . . ( .6 7) ( n<30). [15], n>30 , (κ≠0). μ4 [28]. .
8. (27)-(29).
( ), 1-5.
3 . 1 5 , 2.
16. 263, 268, 273, 265, 267, 261, 266, 264, 267. +2 . =0,95.
1.
: F =266+(-2)=264 H.
2.
3. , , . , n=9 < 30 .
4.
t - . f = n 1 = 9 1 = 8 =0,95 8 t = t P(f ) = t 0,95(8) = 2,37.
5. F = (264 3) H, = 0,95.
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