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Find the English equivalents of the following sentences




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Reprocessing

Reprocessing is the chemical operation which separates useful fuel for recycling from nuclear waste.

Used fuel rods have their metallic outer casing stripped away before being dissolved in hot nitric acid. This produces uranium (96%), which is reused in reactors, highly radioactive waste (3%) and plutonium (1%).

All nuclear reactors produce plutonium, but military types produce it more efficiently than others.

A reprocessing plant and a reactor to produce sufficient plutonium could be housed inconspicuously in an ordinary-looking building.

This makes extracting plutonium by reprocessing an attractive option to any country wishing to pursue a clandestine weapons program.

Activity 4

Translate the paragraph from English into Russian.

Uranium bomb

The aim of all nuclear bomb designers is to create a supercritical mass which will sustain a chain reaction and violently release vast amounts of heat.

One of the simplest is a so-called 'gun' design.

Here, a smaller subcritical mass is fired at a larger one, causing the combined mass to go supercritical triggering a nuclear explosion.

The process occurs in less than a second.

To make fuel for a uranium bomb, highly-enriched uranium hexafluoride is first converted into uranium oxide, and then uranium metal ingots.

This can be done using relatively simple chemical and engineering processes.

The most powerful basic fission weapon - an atom bomb - will detonate with an explosion the force of 50 kilotons.

This force can be increased by a technique called boosting, which harnesses the properties of nuclear fusion.

Fusion consists of the joining together of the nuclei of atoms of hydrogen isotopes to produce nuclei of helium. This process occurs when hydrogen nuclei are subjected to intense heat and pressure, both of which are produced by a nuclear bomb.

Nuclear fusion has the effect of injecting more energetic neutrons into the fission reaction, resulting in a bigger explosion.

Such fission-fusion-fission devices are known as hydrogen bombs, or thermonuclear weapons.

Activity 5

Complete the sentences from the text using the following phrases. Translate the sentences into Russian.

supercritical mass. violently release

subcritical mass.. triggering a nuclear explosion

fuel for a uranium bomb.. uranium metal ingots

fission weapon.. detonate

boosting... harnesses

fusion consists.. hydrogen isotopes

fission-fusion-fission... bombs

Plutonium bomb

Plutonium offers several advantages over uranium as a component in a nuclear weapon. Only about 4kg of plutonium is needed to make a bomb. Such a device would explode with the power of 20 kilotons.

To produce 12kg of plutonium per year, only a relatively small reprocessing facility would be needed.

A warhead consists of a sphere of plutonium surrounded by a shell of material such as beryllium, which reflects neutrons back into the fission process.

This means that less plutonium is needed to achieve critical mass, and produce a self sustaining fission reaction.

A terrorist group or country may find it easier to acquire plutonium from civil nuclear reactors, rather than enriched uranium, to produce a nuclear explosive.

Experts believe a crude plutonium bomb could be designed and assembled by terrorists possessing no greater level of skill than needed by the AUM cult to attack the Tokyo underground with nerve gas in 1995.

A nuclear explosive of this nature could explode with the power of 100 tones of TNT - 20 times more powerful than the largest terrorist bomb attack to date.

Activity 6





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