Ëåêöèè.Îðã


Ïîèñê:




Òåìà 5.1. 3. Çåìíîé ìàãíåòèçì è êóðñû ÂÑ.

 

Âîïðîñû òåìû:

 1. Îñíîâíûå ñïîñîáû èçìåðåíèÿ êóðñà ÂÑ.

 2. Ýëåìåíòû ìàãíèòíîãî ïîëÿ Çåìëè.

 3. Êóðñû ÂÑ. Ïåðåâîä êóðñîâ

 4. Çàâèñèìîñòü ìåæäó êóðñàìè. Ïåðåâîä êóðñîâ.

 5. Ïóòåâûå óãëû è ñïîñîáû èõ îïðåäåëåíèÿ. Ïîäãîòîâêà êàðòû ê ïîëåòó.

 

 

1. Îñíîâíûå ñïîñîáû èçìåðåíèÿ êóðñà ÂÑ.

    Îñíîâíûìè ñïîñîáàìè èçìåðåíèÿ êóðñà ÂÑ ÿâëÿþòñÿ:

 

 - èçìåðåíèå êîìïàñíîãî êóðñà ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ìàãíèòíîãî êîìïàñà (ÊÈ-13)

 - èçìåðåíèå ìàãíèòíîãî êóðñà ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ìàãíèòíûõ êóðñîâûõ ñèñòåì,

 - èçìåðåíèå óñëîâíîãî (îðòîäðîìè÷åñêîãî) êóðñà ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì îðòîäðîìè÷åñêèõ êóðñîâûõ ñèñòåì (ÃÌÊ – 1, ÃÏÊ – 52 è äð).

                                   

               

 

2. Ýëåìåíòû ìàãíèòíîãî ïîëÿ Çåìëè.

 

Çåìëÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìîùíûì åñòåñòâåííûì ìàãíèòîì. Óñëîâíî ïðèíÿòî ñ÷èòàòü, ÷òî ñèëîâûå ìàãíèòíûå ëèíèè, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèå ìàãíèòíîå ïîëå Çåìëè, âûõîäÿò èç òî÷êè þæíîãî ìàãíèòíîãî ïîëþñà (Þì) è çàìûêàþòñÿ â òî÷êå ñåâåðíîãî ìàãíèòíîãî ïîëþñà (Ñì).

 

                                      Ñì    Ñè

 


                                                                                                                           

                                                                                                         

                                               Þè  Þì

 


    

     Òî÷êè ìàãíèòíûõ è èñòèííûõ ïîëþñîâ Çåìëè íå ñîâïàäàþò!

 

Îñíîâíûìè ýëåìåíòàìè ìàãíèòíîãî ïîëÿ Çåìëè ÿâëÿþòñÿ:

 

Íàïðÿæåííîñòü ìàãíèòíîãî ïîëÿ (Í) -- ýòî ñèëîâàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ìàãíèòíîãî ïîëÿ Çåìëè.

 

Ìàãíèòíîå íàêëîíåíèå (θ) --- óãîë íàêëîíåíèÿ ïðîäîëüíîé îñè ìàãíèòíîé ñòðåëêè ê ëèíèè ãîðèçîíòà.   

 

             Ìàãíèòíàÿ ñòðåëêà

                                                          Ëèíèÿ ãîðèçîíòà

                                                                       

                                                              θ 

Ñì   Ñè                                                                              

                       Ìàãíèòíûé ýêâàòîð

                       Θ = 00                         

                                                 Íà ìàãíèòíîì ýêâàòîðå θ = 00    

                 

          Þì (θ = 900).      òî÷êàõ ïîëþñîâ (Ñì, Þì) θ = 900

                  (ìàãíèòíàÿ ñòðåëêà óñòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ âåðòèêàëüíî)

 

Ìàãíèòíîå ñêëîíåíèå (ΔÌ) --- óãîë, çàêëþ÷åííûé ìåæäó ñåâåðíûì íàïðàâëåíèåì èñòèííîãî è ìàãíèòíîãî ìåðèäèàíîâ.

 

            Ñè

Ñì                       Ñì         

      Δì                           Ìàãíèòíîå ñêëîíåíèå îòñ÷èòûâàåòñÿ îò èñòèííîãî     

                       Δì             ìåðèäèàíà (Ñè) äî ìàãíèòíîãî ìåðèäèàíà(Ñì)   

            _           +     âïðàâî ---- ñî çíàêîì ïëþñ (+), âëåâî ñî çíàêîì ìèíóñ (-).

 

                                       

 

 

                         Âåëè÷èíà ìàãíèòíîãî ñêëîíåíèÿ îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ïî

èçîãîíàì íà ïîëåòíîé êàðòå èëè ïî ñïåöèàëüíûì ìàãíèòíûì êàðòàì.

 

 

Èñòèííûé ìåðèäèàí – ýòî äóãà áîëüøîãî êðóãà, ïðîõîäÿùåãî ÷åðåç èñòèííûå ïîëþñà Çåìëè.

 

Ìàãíèòíûé ìåðèäèàí – ýòî ëèíèÿ, âäîëü êîòîðîé ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ ñâîáîäíî ïîäâåøåííàÿ ìàãíèòíàÿ ñòðåëêà.

 

 

 Äåâèàöèÿ êîìïàñà (Δê) -- ýòî óãîë, çàêëþ÷åííûé ìåæäó ñåâåðíûì íàïðàâëåíèåì ìàãíèòíîãî è êîìïàñíîãî ìåðèäèàíîâ.

 

Êîìïàñíûé ìåðèäèàí – ýòî ëèíèÿ, âäîëü êîòîðîé ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ ñòðåëêà ìàãíèòíîãî êîìïàñà, óñòàíîâëåííîãî â êàáèíå ïèëîòîâ.

 

Ñê      Ñì        Ñê      

      Δê                               Äåâèàöèÿ êîìïàñà îòñ÷èòûâàåòñÿ îò ìàãíèòíîãî     

                    Δê               ìåðèäèàíà (Ñì) äî êîìïàñíîãî ìåðèäèàíà(Ñê)   

            _        +        âïðàâî ---- ñî çíàêîì ïëþñ (+), âëåâî ñî çíàêîì ìèíóñ (-).

                         

                            

                          Âåëè÷èíà äåâèàöèè êîìïàñà îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ïî ãðàôèêó

                    îñòàòî÷íîé äåâèàöèè, ðàçìåùåííîìó â êàáèíå ïèëîòîâ.

 

 

   Âàðèàöèÿ (Δ) – ýòî óãîë, çàêëþ÷åííûé ìåæäó ñåâåðíûì íàïðàâëåíèåì èñòèííîãî è êîìïàñíîãî ìåðèäèàíîâ.

 

   

             Ñè   Ñì      Ñê

                    Δ                    

                 

                   Δì Δê

                                                 Δ = (± Δì) + (± Δê)

 

      Ïðèìåð ãðàôè÷åñêîãî îïðåäåëåíèÿ âàðèàöèè.

Äàíî:

Δì = + 50                                         Ðåøåíèå.

Δê = - 100                                         Δ = Δì + Δê =(+5) + (- 10) = - 50  

Îïðåäåëèòü Δ.            Ñê           Ñè         Ñì

                                                  

                                         Δ = - 50

                                                  

                                                         

                                                                    Δê = - 100

                                                        

                                                                                                                 Δì = +50

 


                 

         

                          3. Êóðñû âîçäóøíîãî ñóäíà.

  Êóðñîì íàçûâàåòñÿ óãîë, çàêëþ÷åííûé ìåæäó ñåâåðíûì íàïðàâëåíèåì ìåðèäèàíà, ïðèíÿòîãî çà íà÷àëî îòñ÷åòà è ïðîäîëüíîé îñüþ ñàìîëåòà (ÏÎÑ).

                          Êóðñ îòñ÷èòûâàåòñÿ îò ìåðèäèàíà, ïðèíÿòîãî çà íà÷àëî îòñ÷åòà,                                                                                                                                                         

                          äî ïðîäîëüíîé îñè ñàìîëåòà ïî õîäó ÷àñîâîé ñòðåëêè (îò 0î äî 360î).

 

 

                     Ñ

 

                                                            ÏÎÑ                                                                                                                                                                                 

                                ÊÓÐÑ                 

                                                                                                  

                       

                                                               

                                          

 Â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ìåðèäèàíà, ïðèíÿòîãî çà íà÷àëî îòñ÷åòà ðàçëè÷àþò:

 

   ÈÑÒÈÍÍÛÉ ÊÓÐÑ (ÈÊ) ------ îòñ÷èòûâàåòñÿ îò èñòèííîãî ìåðèäèàíà (Ñè);

ÌÀÃÍÈÒÍÛÉ ÊÓÐÑ (ÌÊ) ------ îòñ÷èòûâàåòñÿ îò ìàãíèòíîãî ìåðèäèàíà (Ñì);

ÊÎÌÏÀÑÍÛÉ ÊÓÐÑ (ÊÊ) ------- îòñ÷èòûâàåòñÿ îò êîìïàñíîãî ìåðèäèàíà (Ñê).

                            

                                                            

                               Ñè     Ñì  ÑÊ

                                                                                    ÊÊ                               ÏÎÑ

                                                                          ÌÊ                                                                                    

                                                                ÈÊ         

                                         

 

 

                                                                                                               

                             

  

 

4. Çàâèñèìîñòü ìåæäó êóðñàìè. Ïåðåâîä êóðñîâ.

                                                    Δì ---- ìàãíèòíîå ñêëîíåíèå        

                                                    ΔÊ ---- äåâèàöèÿ êîìïàñà

         Ñè       Ñì.                Δ ---- âàðèàöèÿ

                                               

                              Δ      ÑÊ

                           Δê                          ÌÊ = ÈÊ - Δì 

             Δì                                       ÊÊ = ÌÊ – Δê = ÈÊ - Δ                                                                                                                                              

                                                               Δ = Δì + Δê.                                                                      

                     ÌÊ

            ÈÊ                    ÊÊ                ÈÊ = ÌÊ + (± Δì) = ÊÊ + (± Δ)

         

 

                                                          Ïðîäîëüíàÿ îñü ñàìîëåòà

                                        

                                        

                     

 

             Ãðàôè÷åñêîå ðåøåíèå.

 

Ïðèìåð:                                        Ñê         Ñè     Ñì

Äàíî:                                                 Δ= -50                  ÌÊ = 850

ÈÊ = 900                                                                            Δê = - 100

Δì = + 50                                                                      

Δê = - 100                                                                  Δì = + 50   

                                                                                                       ÊÊ = 950

Îïðåäåëèòü ÌÊ, ÊÊ, Δ.

                                                                                   ÈÊ= 900

                    

 

 

 


                      Àíàëèòè÷åñêîå ðåøåíèå.

 

ÌÊ = ÈÊ – ΔÌ = 900 - 50 = 850

ÊÊ = ÌÊ – ΔÊ = 850 - (- 100) = 950

Δ = ΔÌ + ΔÊ = 50 + (- 100) = - 50

      

                  Çàäàíèÿ äëÿ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîé ðàáîòû:

 Ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì òàáëè÷íûõ äàííûõ (òàáë.1) îñóùåñòâèòü ïåðåâîä êóðñîâ àíàëèòè÷åñêè è ãðàôè÷åñêè è îïðåäåëèòü:

 

                ÌÊ – ìàãíèòíûé êóðñ, Δ – âàðèàöèþ

                ÊÊ – êîìïàñíûé êóðñ.

                                     

Âàðèàíòû

Äàíî: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
ÈÊî 90 65 120 70 330 95 210 150 30 270 350 180 45 315 125
ΔÌî +10 -5 +10 -10 +5 +10 -5 -10 +5 +10 +5 -10 -5 +10 +5
ΔÊî -5  -10 +5 +5 -10 -10 -5 +5 +5 -5 -10  0 +5 -5 -10

                                                                                 

Òàáëèöà 1.

  

Êóðñîâûå ïðèáîðû ÂÑ.

Ìàãíèòíûé æèäêîñòíûé êîìïàñ ïðåäíàçíà÷åí äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ìàãíèòíîãî êóðñà ñàìîëåòà è èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå äóáëèðóþùåãî ïðèáîðà.

 

 
              

Óêàçàòåëü íàïðàâëåíèÿ (directional indicator) èëè ïðîñòî ãèðîêîìïàñ. Ïðèáîð èìååò ïîäâèæíóþ ïðîãðàäóèðîâàííóþ ãðàäóñàìè øêàëó, íåïîäâèæíóþ ñòðåëêó óêàçûâàþùóþ òåêóùåå íàïðàâëåíèå ñàìîëåòà è ïîäâèæíóþ ìåòêó çàäàò÷èêà êóðñà.

Ñïðàâà íàõîäèòñÿ êîëåñèêî çàäàò÷èêà êóðñà.

 

   Óêàçàòåëü êóðñà êîìáèíèðîâàííîãî óêàçàòåëÿ ñ-òà Cessna – 172 S

5. Ïóòåâûå óãëû è ñïîñîáû èõ îïðåäåëåíèÿ.

                   Ïîäãîòîâêà êàðòû ê ïîëåòó.

 

  Ïóòåâîé óãîë – ýòî óãîë çàêëþ÷åííûé ñåâåðíûì íàïðàâëåíèåì ìåðèäèàíà, ïðèíÿòîãî çà íà÷àëî îòñ÷åòà è ëèíèåé ïóòè.

 

             çàâèñèìîñòè îò ìåðèäèàíà, ïðèíÿòîãî çà íà÷àëî îòñ÷åòà ïóòåâîé óãîë (ÏÓ) ìîæåò áûòü:

- èñòèííûì ïóòåâûì óãëîì (ÈÏÓ) – îí èçìåðÿåòñÿ îò èñòèííîãî ìåðèäèàíà;

- ìàãíèòíûì ïóòåâûì óãëîì (ÌÏÓ) – îí èçìåðÿåòñÿ îò ìàãíèòíîãî ìåðèäèàíà;

- êîìïàñíûì ïóòåâûì óãëîì (ÊÏÓ) – îí èçìåðÿåòñÿ îò êîìïàñíîãî ìåðèäèàíà.

 

                              Ñè

                                           Ñì

                                                        Ñê

 

 

 


                                                   ÌÏÓ ÊÏÓ

 


                                          ÈÏÓ

 

                                                                            Ëèíèÿ ïóòè

 

          

   Â çàâèñèìîñòè îò âèäà ëèíèè ïóòè ðàçëè÷àþò:

 

- çàäàííûé ïóòåâîé óãîë (ÇÏÓ) – èçìåðÿåòñÿ äî ëèíèè çàäàííîãî ïóòè;

- ôàêòè÷åñêèé ïóòåâîé óãîë (ÔÏÓ) – èçìåðÿåòñÿ äî ëèíèè

                                                         ôàêòè÷åñêîãî ïóòè.                                                                               

                  

                                           Ñè           (Ñì)

 

 

 

                                                        ÇÈÏÓ         (ÇÌÏÓ)

 

 

                                                                              Ëèíèÿ çàäàííîãî ïóòè

 

                                                         ÔÈÏÓ         (ÔÌÏÓ)

                                                                   

                          

 

                                                                                Ëèíèÿ ôàêòè÷åñêîãî ïóòè                                                          

                                      

                      Ïîäãîòîâêà êàðòû ê ïîëåòó.

Ïðîêëàäêà è ðàçìåòêà ìàðøðóòà íà êàðòå âûïîëíÿåòñÿ ñ ó÷åòîì íàâèãàöèîííîãî îáîðóäîâàíèÿ, óñòàíîâëåííîãî íà ÂÑ è ïëàíèðóåìîãî ðåæèìà åå èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ â ïîëåòå.

 

                          Ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè ëîêñîäðîìè÷åñêîãî ðåæèìà (ïîëåò ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì êóðñîâîé ñèñòåìû «ÃÈÊ – 1» èëè ñèñòåìû «ÃÌÊ – 1» â ðåæèìå ìàãíèòíîé êîððåêöèè «ÌÊ») – âûïîëíÿåòñÿ ðàçìåòêà ìàðøðóòà äëÿ ïîëåòà ïî ËÎÊÑÎÄÐÎÌÈÈ.

 

                           Ïðè  èñïîëüçîâàíèè îðòîäðîìè÷åñêîãî ðåæèìà (ïîëåò ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì êóðñîâîé ñèñòåìû «ÃÌÊ – 1» â ðåæèìå «ÃÏÊ») – âûïîëíÿåòñÿ îðòîäðîìè÷åñêàÿ ðàçìåòêà ìàðøðóòà.     

 

               

 

                 Ðàçìåòêà ìàðøðóòà äëÿ ïîëåòà ïî ËÎÊÑÎÄÐÎÌÈÈ.

 

  à) Îòìåòèòü íà êàðòå òî÷êè ìàðøðóòà (ÈÏÌ, ÏÏÌ 1, ÏÏÌ 2, … ÊÏÌ)

 

                                                                                         Ñóðüìèíî

Âàðâàðîâêà                                                                                                        ÏÏÌ 2

                                                             Èñòëååâî

ÈÏÌ                                                                                   

                                                                                                                                                               

                                                          ÏÏÌ 1

                                                                                                                                                   Ïîëÿíû

                                                                                                                                                                    ÊÏÌ

 

                                                                                                  

á) Ïî ëèíèè öåíòðîâ, òîíêîé êàðàíäàøíîé ëèíèåé ïðîëîæèòü

ëèíèþ çàäàííîãî ïóòè (ËÇÏ).

 

 

                                                                                     Ñóðüìèíî

             Âàðâàðîâêà                                                                               ÏÏÌ 2

                                                       Èñòëååâî

ÈÏÌ                                                                                       

                                                                                                                                                           

                                                          ÏÏÌ 1

                                                                                                                                                    Ïîëÿíû

                                                                                                                                                                   ÊÏÌ   

 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

â) Îò ñðåäíåãî ìåðèäèàíà êàæäîãî ó÷àñòêà ìàðøðóòà èçìåðèòü çàäàííûé èñòèííûé ïóòåâîé óãîë (ÇÈÏÓ).

 

                Äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ïîëîæåíèÿ ñðåäíåãî ìåðèäèàíà ó÷àñòêà ìàðøðóòà èñïîëüçîâàòü «îòñå÷êè» íà ïàðàëëåëÿõ êîîðäèíàòíîé ñåòêè ëèñòà êàðòû. 

                                                        Ñè                                                                                                                                                        

                         
 
   
         


  φ2

                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

                                                                      ÇÈÏÓ

                                

                                      ËÇÏ                                                                                                                                                             

 

                     
   
       


φ1

                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

         

 

                λ 1                                       λ ñðåäíèé               λ 2

 

                                                                     

 

                             Èçîãîíà   + 80

                                                                 Ñè

         
 

 

 


                                                                                                 ÇÈÏÓ (1000)

                                                                   ËÇÏ                                            

         
 

 


                                                                             

                 λ 1                                               λ ñðåäíèé             λ 2

 

           Èçìåðåíèÿ çàäàííûõ ïóòåâûõ óãëîâ íà êàðòå âûïîëíÿþòñÿ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì àâèàöèîííîãî òðàíñïîðòèðà, âõîäÿùåãî â êîìïëåêò íàâèãàöèîííîãî ñíàðÿæåíèÿ ýêèïàæà.

 

ã) Ïî èçîãîíàì íà êàðòå îïðåäåëèòü çíà÷åíèÿ ìàãíèòíîãî ñêëîíåíèÿ ïî ó÷àñòêàì ìàðøðóòà è ðàññ÷èòàòü  çàäàííûå ìàãíèòíûå ïóòåâûå óãëû (ÇÌÏÓ) äëÿ êàæäîãî ó÷àñòêà ìàðøðóòà.

                                                                                         ÇÌÏÓ = ÇÈÏÓ – (± ΔÌ)

 

 Èç ïðèâåäåííîãî íà ðèñóíêå ïðèìåðà èìååì: ÇÌÏÓ = 1000 - 80 = 920

 

                                                                          

   ä) Ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ìàñøòàáíîé ëèíåéêè èëè ìèëëèìåòðîâîé øêàëû

    ÍË – 10ì èçìåðèòü ðàññòîÿíèÿ  ìåæäó ïóíêòàìè ìàðøðóòà.

 

                                                                               Ñóðüìèíî

                                                                                                                                                                                                  Âàðâàðîâêà                                                                                     ÏÏÌ 2

                                                     Èñòëååâî

ÈÏÌ                                                                                       

                                                                                                                                                              

                                                    ÏÏÌ 1

                                                                                                                                       Ïîëÿíû

                                                                                                                                                     ÊÏÌ

 

å) Íàíåñòè íà êàðòó çíà÷åíèÿ çàäàííûõ ìàãíèòíûõ ïóòåâûõ óãëîâ è ðàññòîÿíèé ïî ó÷àñòêàì ìàðøðóòà.        

 

          

                             

                                          

                                                                                                         Ñóðüìèíî

 

                                                                                                            ÏÏÌ 2

                                                                                                                                                                                            Âàðâàðîâêà                             Èñòëååâî                                                     

                                       

ÈÏÌ                                                                                            

                                                                                                                                                           

                                                   ÏÏÌ 1

                                                                                                                                       Ïîëÿíû

                                                                                                                                                    ÊÏÌ

 

Ïðè ëîêñîäðîìè÷åñêîé ðàçìåòêå ìàðøðóòà, çàäàííûå

ìàãíèòíûå ïóòåâûå óãëû (ÇÌÏÓ) â ïðÿìîì è îáðàòíîì íàïðàâëåíèÿõ

îòëè÷àþòñÿ íà 1800. (920 - 2720, 540 – 2340, 1300 - 3100) è íàíîñÿòñÿ íà êàðòó êðàñíûì öâåòîì.

 

æ)  ïîëîñå ó÷åòà ïðåïÿòñòâèé, ïî 25 êèëîìåòðîâ â îáå ñòîðîíû îò îñè ìàðøðóòà, îòìåòèòü íà êàðòå íàèáîëüøèå çíà÷åíèÿ âûñîò ðåëüåôà ìåñòíîñòè äëÿ êàæäîãî ó÷àñòêà ìàðøðóòà.

 

 

                             

                                          

                                                                                                                   Ñóðüìèíî

 


                                                                                                                       ÏÏÌ 2

                                                                                                                                                                                             Âàðâàðîâêà                               Èñòëååâî                                                                         

                                   

ÈÏÌ                                                                                       

                                                                                                                                                           

                                                          ÏÏÌ 1

                                                                                                                                                   Ïîëÿíû

                                                                                                                                                                    ÊÏÌ

 

 

                                                                                                                                                      

                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

Îáðàçåö îôîðìëåíèÿ ïîëåòíîé êàðòû äëÿ ïîëåòà ïî ëîêñîäðîìèè.

                      

                                                                                                                                                        

 

                             

                                          

                                                                                                                    Ñóðüìèíî

 

                                                                                                       

                                                                                                                                                                                                      Âàðâàðîâêà                                Èñòëååâî                                                                         

                                       

                                                                                      

                                                                                                                                                               

                                            

                                                                                                                                                    Ïîëÿíû

                                                                                                                                     

 

 



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