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Unit 1 How did aeronautics begin




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LEARN ABOUT AVIATION AND SPACE FLIGHT IN ENGLISH

 

 

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LEARN ABOUT AVIATION AND SPACE FLIGHT IN ENGLISH: : . .: - , 2013. 96 .: .

 

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CONTENTS

堠 ... p.4

  Reading Speaking
Unit 1 p.5 How did aeronautics begin The basic forms of communication
Unit 2 p.11 Wright brothers   How to set communication goals
Unit 3 p.20 Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Structuring a speech
Unit 4 p.26 European spaceflight enthusiasts The manuscript method of delivery
Unit 5 p.32 Arrival of the Cosmonauts. Yuri Gagarin The memorized method of delivery
Unit 6 p.40 Airports   Conversation: Airplanes
Unit 7 p.47 Forces of flight   Conversation: Force
Unit 8 p.53 Lighter-than-air aircraft The extemporaneous method of delivery
Unit 9 p.59 What is an airplane The extemporaneous method of delivery
Unit 10 p.64 Airplane structure Non-Verbal means of communication

Appendix 1. Presentation ... p.70

Appendix 2. Supplementary reading . p.74

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Unit 1 How did aeronautics begin

Aeronautics is typically defined as the art or science of flight, or the science of operating aircraft. This includes a branch of aeronautics called aerodynamics. Aerodynamics deals with the motion of air and the way it interacts with objects in motion, such as an aircraft. Both of these branches are a part of the tree of physical science. Aviation, however, refers to the operation of heavier-than-air craft.

The theoretical basis for these branches stems from the work of Sir Isaac Newton in the 1600s. Newton developed laws that defined the effects of forces acting on objects in motion or at rest. He also developed the concept of viscosity, or fluid friction, which is the resistance of air or any other fluid to flow. Daniel Bernoulli, in the 1700s, developed the principle that the speed of a fluid is directly related to pressure. That is, the faster the flow of a fluid, the lower the pressure that is exerted on the surface it is flowing over. For example, if air is flowing faster over the top of a surface than under a surface, the pressure on the top of the surface will be less than that underneath. Understanding of these concepts was necessary to the development of flight. Without understanding the aerodynamic principles of flight, humans would simply be mimicking the actions of birds. It was demonstrated through many spectacular yet often disastrous attempts that pure imitation would not enable humans to fly.

How did aeronautics evolve past the imitation of birds?

The science of aeronautics really began to evolve in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Philosophers and early scientists began to look closely at physical phenomena such as gravity and motion. As paths of communication were established between distant cultures, the understanding of flight began to coalesce. With their wealth of understanding of kites, rockets and fireworks, the Asian cultures defined and harnessed propulsion. The Europeans with their penchant for analysis, definition and precision, began to piece together the concept of force. This growth in knowledge and communication continued throughout the 19th century. By the very late 19th and early 20th centuries, this knowledge had evolved to the point where people sought to put it to practical use. As space is the frontier of today, flight was a frontier of that time.

Along with factual knowledge, the method of discovery as well as trial and error evolved into the scientific method. The scientific method became a widely accepted process to question, analyze, test and verify results. Concepts and ideas that were subjected to the scientific method received general acceptance and were used as bases for generating new ideas.

The classification and definition of forces involved with flight were developed. We know them today as lift, drag, weight and thrust. Scientists began to understand how they worked together to enable an object heavier than air to fly. Once these concepts were well understood, it was only a matter of time before humans figured out how to not only fly, but to control their flight. Balloons, which by this time were old news, enabled people to fly but aeronauts remained at the mercy of the wind to determine where they went. With the invention of the airplane people could fly when, how and where they wanted. Another frontier had been conquered. Within a few short years, airplane designers refined the shape of wings and overall construction to improve airplane performance and safety. Further improvements in airplane design allowed flight to become accessible to everyone.

 

Exercises

Vocabulary

1. You should check the pronunciation of key words. Transcribe the words:

Physical, science, theoretical, laws, fluid, pressure, surface, phenomena, coalesce, frontier, analyze, weight, thrust, figured out, balloons, conquered, designers

2. Match the words from the texts (1-10) with the definitions (A-J):

1 to move A one of the large flat parts that stick out from the side of a plane and help to keep it in the air
2 propulsion B the way in which wind, air, or water can cause a moving object such as a car, plane, or boat to slow down
3 balloon C to change from one place or position to another, or to make something do this
4 resistance D the natural force that prevents one surface from sliding easily over another surface
5 friction E a large bag of strong light cloth filled with gas or heated air so that it can float in the air. It has a basket hanging below it for people to stand in.
6 shape F a light frame covered in coloured paper or plastic that you let fly in the air on the end of one or two long strings
7 wing G the form that something has, for example round, square, triangular etc.
8 kite H the force that drives a vehicle forward
9 flow I the force or weight that is being put on to something
10 pressure J a smooth steady movement of liquid, gas, or electricity

3. Match the words from the texts (1-5) with their synonyms (A-E):

1 trial A to examine
2 to coalesce B test
3 to verify C tendency
4 operation D to unite
5 penchant E work

4. Explain in English and then translate the following words and expressions

Aeronauts remained at the mercy of the wind; to control the flight; invention; improvements; began to piece together the concept of force; the scientific method;

5. Find in the texts the English equivalents for the following expressions:

(1) , (2) , , , (3) , (4) , (5) , (6) , (7) , (8) , (9) , (10) , (11) , (12) , (13) , (14) , (15) .

6. Complete the text with the words from the box

Early aeronautics

aeronautics air wings machines
scientists flight kites flew
engineering aerodynamics fly mechanism

The first mention of aeronautics in history came in the writings of ancient Egyptians who described the (1) of birds. Aeronautics also finds mention in ancient China where people flew (2) thousands of years ago. The medieval Islamic (3) were not far behind, as they understood the actual (4) of bird flight. Before scientific investigation (5) was started, people started thinking of ways to (6). In a Greek legend, Icarus and his father Daedalus built (7) of feathers and wax and (8) out of prison. When people started to study scientifically how to fly, people began to understand the basics of (9) and (10). Leonardo da Vinci studied the flight of birds in developing (11) schematics for some of the earliest (12) flying in the late fifteenth century.

7. Answer the following questions. Begin your answers with such introductory phrases as: as far as I know; as far as I remember; to my mind; certainly; it's hard to tell; probably; of course; if I am not mistaken etc.

1) How is aeronautics defined?

2) What does aerodynamics deal with?

3) What laws and concepts did Newton develop?

4) What principle did Daniel Bernoulli develop?

5) What contribution to the understanding of flight did the Asian cultures make?

6) What forces are involved in flight?

7) What do airplane designers do to improve airplane performance and safety?

8. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. .

2. 14- .

3. 1903 .

4. .

5. 1913 .

6. 20- .
7. , , , , , .

Speaking

Give a 5-minute presentation on the following topics. Remember that communication skill is not something you are born with. Effective communication is a skill, which can be acquired.

1.Aerodynamics and Birds

2. The discovery of universal gravitation by Newton.

3. The contribution to the understanding of flight made by the Asian cultures.

4. The classification and definition of forces involved in flight.

5. Why do kites and balloons fly?

Communication Communication means sharing ideas and information. The speaker must: ● be very clear about what information he wants to get across; ● remember that communication is not a one-way process and that the feedback from the listener will show how his message was interpreted; ● understand that communication is a dynamic, flexible process. The Basic Forms of Communication 1. Public Speaking ● refers to presentation of a speech to an audience of more than one; ● is characterized by one persons holding central attention. 2. Group Speaking ● takes place in committees, boards, task groups; ● is restricted by a particular procedure or agenda; participants take turns in speaking. 3. Interpersonal Communication ● refers to face-to-face interaction between two people in public or in private; ● is controlled by generally accepted social rules of behavior.




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