NEW WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS
| short circuit bearings ignition sparks welding shortcomings validity expiration date fire extinguishing system fire extinguisher light type fuel heavy fuel oil low thermal conductivity negligence aim inflammable to lessen tightness of cover | c , |
READ AND TRANSLATE THE TEXT
FIRE PREVENTION MEASURES
Fire prevention measures of ships are provided by its constructive, organizational and technical aspects and also by adequate actions of the crew in their fight against fire. It is noted that considerable per cent of fire accidents are connected with the explosion and ignition of light type fuel. Explosions of hydraulic systems, short circuits, defects in electrical equipment have also high frequency. Usually fire in the engine room is the result of lubricants ignition in the bearings of the main and auxiliary mechanisms.
The other type of thermal accidents takes place because of the open fire that is because of sparks during welding process. But we mustn't forget about negligence of the crew or ship builder's shortcomings. It is necessary to observe requirements on storage of dangerous materials. Hold should be dry and clean with appropriate ventilation. Paints must have low thermal conductivity with the aim to lessen the spreading speed of fire.
Inflammable materials must have inscription and marking, be checked periodically on validity and expiration date, leakage, tightness of cover and so on. It is compulsory far every ship to have highly efficient fire extinguishing system and also individual oxygen apparatus, means for hands protection, in a word everything that is necessary to safe life of every man at sea.
ASWER THE QUESTIONS: 1. What is the main reason of fire on board a ship? 2. What measures can we take to lessen the spreading speed of fire? 3. Why is it necessary to have markings and inscriptions on inflammable goods? 4. What is compulsory to have on board every ship? 5. How do builder's shortcomings influence on origin of fire?
VOCABULARY EXERCISES
Exercise I. a) Find the English equivalents in the text: hydraulic systems, short circuit, frequency, engine-room, lubricants, ignitions, bearings, auxiliary mechanism, sparks, welding, negligence, shortcoming, conductivity, inscription, validity, expiration date, extinguishing system, oxygen apparatus.
b) Give Russian equivalents using words of the unit: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
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Exercise II. Translate Into English.
1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. .
Exercise III. Match the beginning of the sentence with its ending. Read statements about Fire Spread.
Heat and fire may spread in one or more of the following four different ways:
| 1. Direct heat transfer 2. The spread of heat via gases, liquids, or hot air circulating 3. Radiation. Materials may ignite 4. Direct Burning | a. when they are kept near electric heaters or other heating appliances. b. when heat travels along or through unprotected steelwork. c. through stairwells, lift shaft, ventilation, etc. d. when combustible materials come into contact with a naked flame. For example, a mattress is ignited by a lighted cigarette. |
Exercise IV. Read and translate the dialogue.
John Brown: How do you do! I am a port fire control officer John Brown.
Mr. Klimov: How do you do Mr. Brown. I am 3rd officer. My name is Klimov. What can I do for you?
John Brown: Well, I am to inspect your ship. First of all I want to see the hatches where cargo operations are going on. Under the rules of our port you should place fire extinguishers at each hatch and lay fire hoses connected with shore pumps.
Mr. Klimov: Certainly, sir. We dont violate the rules. Weve posted a deck-hand on fire watch. He makes regular rounds around the ship and reports to me every half an hour.
John Brown: Very good. And now Ill see the certificate for the ships fire equipment I see everything is ship-shape. All certificated are valid and I have no claims.
Exercise V. Make up your own dialogue concerning fire prevention measures on board a ship.
Exercise VI. Read the information provided about types of fire and fill in the table.
Be advised that Multiple classification systems exist, with different designations for the various classes of fire. The United States uses the NFPA system. Europe use the European Standard "Classification of fires".
