1. Aims and Principles of Morphemic and Word-Formation Analysis.
2. The Notion of Lexical System.
3. The Theory of Oppositions: different approaches.
4.. The Semantic Structure of Polysemantic Words.
5. Componential Analysis: to the history of the question.
6. Linguistic Causes of Semantic Change.
7. Extralinguistic Causes of Semantic Change.
8. The Criteria of Compounds.
9. The Stone Wall Problem.
10. Specific Features of English Compounds.
11. The Historical Development of English Compounds.
12. Conversion in Present-Day English.
13. Proverbs, Sayings, Familiar Quotations and Clichés.
14. Sources of Synonymy.
15. Euphemisms.
16. The English Vocabulary as an Adaptive System. Neologisms.
17. The Theories of Semantic Fields.
18. Functional Styles and Neutral Vocabulary.
19. Functional Styles and Registers.
20. The Origin of English Words.
21. International Words.
22. Standard English Variants and Dialects.
23. American English.
24. Canadian, Australian and Indian Variants.
25. Some of the Main Problems of Lexicography.
26. Historical Development of British and American Lexicography.
.1 Choose the correct answer
1. The study of the construction of words out of morphemes....
A. morphemes B. morphology
2. Smallest linguistic unit that has meaning or grammatical function.
A. bound morpheme B. free morpheme C. Morphemes D. derivational morphemes
3. Free morphemes can stand alone as words.
A. True B. False
4. Bound morphemes always attach to other morphemes, never existing as words themselves. They always carry a grammatical function.
A. True B. False
5. Morphemes that carry a semantic content as opposed to performing a grammatical function....
A. Function morphemes B. Content morphemes
6. An affix that attaches to the end of a stem; in English, suffixes may be inflectional or derivational.
A. Prefix B. Suffix C. Affix
7. Bound morphemes that change the meaning or syntactic function of the words to which they attach....
A. Prefix B. Suffix C. Affix
8. An affix that attaches to the beginning of a stem...
A. Prefix B. Suffix C. Affix
9. Morphemes that provide information about the grammatical relationships of words....
A. Content morphemes B. Function morphemes
10. Morphemes that change the meaning or lexical category of the words to which they attach....
A. Derivational morphemes B. Inflectional morphemes
11. Morphemes that serve a purely grammatical function, never creating a new word but only a different form of the same word....
A. Derivational morphemes B. Inflectional morphemes
12. -ed- He wash ed the car.
A. Inflectional morphemes B. Derivational morphemes
13. -s- He walk s to school.
A. Inflectional morphemes B. Derivational morphemes
14. -tion- Radia tion leaked out of the plant.
A. Inflectional morphemes B. Derivational morphemes
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15. -ing- She is study ing everyday.
A. Inflectional morphemes B. Derivational morphemes
16. -ly- Slow ly, he ambled down the street.
A. Inflectional morphemes B. Derivational morphemes
17. al- They occur at the margin of a word, after any derivation al morphemes.
A. Inflectional morphemes B. Derivational morphemes
18. -est- That is the bigg est fish I have ever seen.
A. Inflectional morphemes B. Derivational morphemes
19. -th- I could feel the warm th of the fire.
A. Inflectional morphemes B. Derivational morphemes.
2. Choose the correct answer
1. Lexicology is the branch of linguistics dealing with .
a) grammatical employment of linguistic units
b) various lexical means and stylistic devices
c) different properties of words and the vocabulary of a language
2. Lexicology has close ties with .
a) phonetics and grammar
b) phonetics, grammar, history of a language, stylistics and sociolinguistics
c) literature, history and sociology
3. The synchronic approach to the study of language material is concerned with .
a) the use of various words and phrases in particular communicative situations
b) the evolution of the vocabulary items
c) the vocabulary of a language that it exists at a given period of time
4. The diachronic approach to the study of language material is concerned with .
a) the changes and the development of vocabulary in the course of time
b) the structural and semantic entity of language units within the language system
c) the influence of extra-linguistic factors over the development of a language system as a whole
5. The word happiness denoting the state of being happy and bliss denoting a feeling of very deep happiness and extreme pleasure differ in the following component(s) of the connotational aspect of their lexical meaning .
a) emotive charge and imagery
b) expressiveness
c) emotive charge, evaluation and expressiveness.
6. The association involved in the semantic change of the word shark in the sentence People who need a place to live can often find themselves at the mercy of local property sharks is based on .
a) metaphor
b) metonymy
7. The result of semantic change in the word sport that meant pastime, entertainment and now denotes an activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against another or others for entertainment is .
a) the deterioration of meaning
b) the specialization of meaning
c) the amelioration of meaning
d) the generalization of meaning
8. The words heir air refer to .
a) homographs
b) homonyms proper
c) homophones
9. In the sentence My auntie (uncle/cousin) has bought (purchased/hired) a red (green/black) automobile (car/Ford) the possible substitutions of the words that compose it are indicative of the relations between the words.
a) syntagmatic
b) paradigmatic
10. The synonyms teenager ( someone who is between 13 and 19 years old ) and youth ( a young man between 15 and 25 years old used especially about groups of young men who behave badly or do something illegal ) refer to .
a) stylistic synonyms
b) ideographic synonyms
c) ideographic-stylistic synonyms
11. The antonyms happy sad refer to .
a) contraries
b) contradictories
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c) incompatibles
12. The word antipathy consists of .
a) the root, free morpheme + the root, bound morpheme
b) the affixational, bound morpheme + the combining form which is a bound root
c) the affixational, bound morpheme + the root, free morpheme
13. The structural pattern of the word heavy-hearted is .
a) a + (n+ -ed)
b) (a + n) + -ed
c) (a + n) + -sf
14. The word globesity is a(n) .
a) shortening
b) blend
c) acronym
15. The suffix -ity found in the words cruelty, oddity, purity, stupidity is a .
a) denominal suffix
b) deverbal suffix
c) noun-forming suffix
16. The prefix fore- in the word foreknowledge means .
a) before
b) placed at the front
c) inside, within
17. The semantic relation between the denominal verb bank meaning put or keep money in the bank and the noun bank from which it was derived is that of .
a) location
b) place of the action
c) action characteristic of the object
18. The noun look-see meaning a brief look or inspection is a .
a) compound proper
b) reduplicative compound
c) derivational compound
19. The word red-brick is a(n) .
a) nominal compound
b) adjectival-nominal compound
c) verbal-nominal compound
20. The word-combination jealous of smbs success is .
a) endocentric, adjectival
b) exocentric
c) endocentric, nominal
21. The word-combination a bitter pill meaning something very unpleasant that one must accept is .
a) completely motivated
b) completely non-motivated
c) partially motivated
22. The phraseological transference in the idiom to be all ears meaning to be eager to hear what someone is going to say is based on .
a) synecdoche
b) simile
c) metaphor
23. The source of the borrowed phraseological unit the curse of Cain meaning the lot or fate of smb. who has to live a vagabond life, who wanders or is forced to move from place to place in a profitless way is .
a) facts and events of the world history
b) the Bible
c) classical languages
24. The English-Russian Dictionary of Synonyms is .
a) general, specialized, bilingual, diachronic
b) restricted, explanatory, monolingual, synchronic
c) restricted, explanatory, bilingual, synchronic.
The Word Structure.
What is a morpheme?
What is meant by allomorphs?
What is a paradigm?
What types of morphemes do you know?
What does the morphological analysis aim at?
What is the IC analysis based on?
What is meant by a stem of a word?
What is a lexeme?
What does the diachronic lexicology deal with?
What is meant by semi-affixes?
What did the term Lexicology originate from?
What are pseudo-morphemes?
What kind of meaning do inflections carry?
2. Affixation
What is meant by hybrids?
What does the derivational analysis aim at?
What is the difference between the productivity of an affix & its frequency?
What is meant by derivation?
What is a derivational morpheme?
What is a suffix?
Could you give the number of productive affixes in English?
What is a prefix?
What is an infix?
Which prefixes denote time relations?
What Greek prefixes in English do you know?
What negative affixes in English do you know?
What do you mean by derivational affixes?
What are bias words?
3. Major types of word-formation
What are the major word-building means?
What structural types of words are there in the English language?
What structural types of compound words do you know? Give examples of each?
What is word-formation?
What do you mean by conversion? Dwell on every item.
What is the difference between syntactic & asyntactic compounds?
Is conversion productive? Why?
Could you give examples of a false conversion?
In what way do compound words differ from all other types of words?
What are the semantic relations between converted parts of nouns & verbs?
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What do you mean by apocope, syncope & apheresis? Give examples of each.
What is meant by bahuvrihi?
What is the grammatical & semantic relationship between the members of a compound word?
What is a morphological compound?
How are compound words proper formed?
4. Minor types of word-formation
What is meant by an acronym?
What do you mean by blends?
What are nonce-words?
What is reversion?
What are the minor word-building means?
5. Semasiology
What makes communication possible?
What is a seme?
By means of what analysis may be obtained semes?
What are the main components of the lexical meaning of a word?
What do you mean by semantic structure of a word?
What branch of lexicology deals with the study of meaning?
What are the two main approaches to the term word meaning?
What are the two main types of word meaning?
What is the referent?
What is the significative meaning of the word?
What is represented by the semantic triangle?
What does the denotative component express?
6. Semantic change
What two kinds of word meaning change do you know?
What is metonymy?
What is metonymy based on?
What is meant by extension of word meaning?
What is narrowing of meaning?
Is semantic change socially conditioned?
7. Polysemy and Homonymy. Context
What do you mean by context?
How do lexical homonyms differ?
Is polysemy a phenomenon of language or of speech?
What types of connection between the meanings of a polysemantic word do you know?
What is a polysemantic word?
What is the meaning of the given word determined by?
What are perfect homonyms?
How do many homonyms appear?
What is monosemy?
What are homonyms?
What are homographs?
8. English vocabulary as a system
What do you mean by syntagmatic & paradigmatic relations?
How many parts of speech are involved in syntagmtic & paradigmatic relations?
How otherwise do we call paradigmatic relations?
Who was the first to speak about syntagmatic & paradigmatic relations (though he never used these terms)?
What do you mean by absolute synonyms?
What is meant by synonymic dominant? Synonymic attraction?
What is semantic polarity expressed by?
What are euphemisms?
What are paronyms?
What do euphemisms originate from?
What is semantic similarity observed in?
What do ideographic synonyms differ in?
What types of euphemisms do you know?
What three types of synonyms do you know?
What are syntagmatic relations based on?
What do syntagmatic relations manifest themselves through?
What do you mean by antonyms?
What are synonyms?
How can one graphically represent syntagmatic & paradigmatic relations?
What do stylistic synonyms differ in?
What are semantic fields?
9. Lexicography
What are the two main types of dictionaries?
What is the main unit of lexicological studies?
What is a dictionary?
What do you mean by a glossary?
What does Thesaurus mean?
What is the task of explanatory dictionaries?
What is the aim of Thesaurus?
What are some of the main problems of lexicography?
How many dictionary entries are there in a good dictionary in case of conversion?
When did Noah Webster publish his explanatory dictionary?
10. Etymology
What words do you call native ones?
What do you call unassimilated loan words?
What are etymological doublets?
What language gave English these words: bog, brat, bard, cradle, flannel, budget, plaid?
What does the etymology deal with?
How many borrowed words are there in English?
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What is the etymological composition of Modern English?
Videolecture 5. How To Make a Word
1. What can be termed a morpheme?
2. What is called an allomporph? What example is given in the lecture?
3. What are free and bound morphemes? Give examples from the lecture.
4. How can languages differ in the extent to which morpheme are bound or free? What languages are called analytic (isolating), agglutinative, fusional and polysynthetic?
5. What is called a typology?
6. What was said about Wilhelm von Humboldt? Comment on his two quotations given by the lecturer.
7. What is significant about Edward Sapir and his work Language? What interpretation to the quotation was suggested?
8. Comment on the following: A language with no bound morphology can still be awesomely complex.
9. What are the other ways except from affixation to make words from two morphemes?
10. What does morphology focus more on?
Videolecture 9. Shades of Meaning and Semantic Roles
1. What is called semantics?
2. What are the two aspects of semantics the lecturer talks about?
3. What is called by the deictic aspect of semantics?
4. What examples were given to illustrate personal deixis? How were they commented on?
5. What is spatial deixis? How was it illustrated?
6. What was said about parameters?
7. What is specific about modal deixis? What was taken as an example?
8. What do semantic roles show?
9. Enumerate all the semantic roles the lecturer gave and illustrate them by the examples.
10. What expressions of semantic roles do different languages have?
11. What is understood by ergativity?
12. What is an absolutive marker?
1. The object of lexicology. Main branches of lexicology (morphology, semasiology, phraseology, etymology, lexicography). General and special lexicology. Contrastive lexicology. Two approaches in studying lexocology (diachronic and synchronic). The theoretical and practical value of English lexicology. The connection of lexicology with phonetics, stylistics, grammar, history of the language.
2. The morphological structure of a word. The morpheme. The principles of morphemic analysis, Types of morphemes. Structural types of words: simple, derived, compound words.
3. Aims and principles of word-formation analysis. The principle of opposition. A correlation.
4. Affixation. General characteristics of suffixes and prefixes. Classification of prefixes according to: a) their correlation with independent words; b) meaning; c) origin. Classification of suffixes according to: a) the part of speech formed; b) the criterion of sense; c) stylistic reference; d) origin. Productive and non-productive affixes, dead andliving affixes.
5. The valency of affixes and stems. Word-building (derivational) patterns and their meaning.
6. Conversion as a productive type of word-building means in Modern English. The historical development of conversion: synchronic and diachronic approach. Semantic relationships in conversion. Conversion in different parts of speech. Conversion and other types of word-formation.
7. Word-composition. Characteristic feature of compound words in all languages. Two characteristic features of English compounds. Ways of forming compound words. Classifications of English compounds (according to the parts of speech; according to the way components are joined together; according to their structure; according to the relations between the components of compound words; according to the order of the components.
8. Shortening of spoken words and its clauses. Correlations of a curtailed word and its prototype. Etymological doublets. Types of clipping: apocope, aphaeresis, syncope. Ellipsis. Stylistic peculiarities of shortened words.
9. Blending. Classification of blendings. Additive and restrictive types of blends.
10. Graphical abbreviations. Acronyms and initialisms. Latin abbreviations. Journalistic abbreviations. Occasional jocular or accidental distortions.
11. Sound imitation (onomatopoeia). Peculiarities of onomatopoeic words. Types of onomatopoeic words.
12. Back-formation. Hypocorisms. Frequent patterns of back-formation. Semantic relations between the prototype and the derivative.
13. Reduplication. Reduplicative compounds proper. Ablaut combinations. Rhyme combinations.
14. Meaning of a word: reference, communication, cognition. Classification of word meaning: grammatical meaning and lexical meaning. Semantic triangle. The lexical meaning versus notion. The denotational and connotational components of the lexical meaning. Functional and non-functional (evaluative, emotive, intensifying, image-bearing/motivation) stylistic meaning.
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15. Semantic change. Extralinguistic changes (change of notion, weakening of the first meaning, development of new meanings) and linguistic changes (the conflict of synonyms, ellipsis). Herman Paul. Prinzipien des Sprachgeschichte. Main ways: gradual semantic changes (specialization and generalization) and momentary conscious semantic changes (metaphor and metonymy). Secondary ways: gradual (elevation and degradation), momentary (hyperbole and litotes).
16. Homonyms. Classification of homonyms. W. Skeat (perfect homonyms; homographs; homophones); A.I Smirnitsky (grammatical meaning). I.V. Arnold (homonyms identical in their grammatical meanings, basic forms and paradigms and different in their lexical meanings; homonyms identical in their grammatical meanings and basic forms, different in their lexical meanings and paradigms; homonyms different in their lexical meanings, grammatical meanings, paradigms, but coinciding in their basic forms; homonyms different in their lexical meanings, grammatical meanings, in their basic forms and paradigms, but coinciding in one of the forms of their paradigms). Sources of homonymy.
17. Context: different interpretations. The role of context in the discrimination of the individual meaning of polysemantic words. Extralinguistic and linguistic context. Lexical, syntactical and mixed context. Lexical context of the first and second degree. Connection between a dependent and the indicator.
18. The notion of lexical system. A set. V.V.Vinogradov (A lexico-semantic system). Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. The theory of oppositions.
19. The theory of semantic fields. J.Trier. Common semantic denominator. Thematic or ideographic groups. Common contextual associations,
20. Definition of the term "synonyms"'. A synonymic group and its dominant member. Problems of classification of synonyms: different principles of classification: according to difference in denotational component of meaning or in connotational component (ideographic or stylistic synonyms); according to the criterion of interchangeability in linguistic context (relative, total and contextual synonyms). Characteristic pattern of English synonyms. The sources of synonymy.
21. The concept of polarity of meaning. Antonyms. Morphological classification of antonyms: absolute or root antonyms and derivational antonyms. Semantic classification of antonyms: antonyms proper, complementaries, conversives.
22. Minor types of semantic relations. Hyponymy, paradigmatic relation of inclusion. Hyponyms, hyperonyms, equonyms.
23. Set-expressions in Modern English. The main differences between free-word-groups and set-expressions. Phraseological units. Semantic classification (V.V.Vinogradov): fusions, unities, combinations/collocations. Structural classification (A.I.Smirnitsky): one-top units, two-top units. Syntactic classification (I.V.Arnold): a) noun phraseologisms; verb phraseologisms; adjective phraseologisms; adverb phraseological units; preposition phraseological units; interjection phraseological units.
24. Lexicography, its subject-matter and tasks. The nature of a dictionary. Variety of dictionaries: size, means, coverage or language(s) involved. Ways to define words: extentional and intentional definitions. Historical development of English lexicography.
25. Functional styles and neutral vocabulary. Functional styles (formal and informal English). Register and domain. Learned words and official vocabulary. Poetic diction. Colloquial words and expressions (literary colloquial, familiar colloquial, low colloquial). Slang and argot.
26. Standard English: variants and dialects. Varieties of English (Lowland /Scottish/, Northern, Western, Midland, Eastern, Southern). Peculiarities of Cockney (B.Shaw). Peter Wain Education Guardian (accents spoken by University teachers a variety of Southern English RP).
27. British and American English. Canadian, Australian, Indian, New Zealand and other variants (peculiarities in pronunciation, spelling, grammar and vocabulary).
28. Native words. Words of native origin and their characteristics. Borrowings. Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect: phonetic borrowings, translation loans, semantic borrowings, morphemic borrowings. Classification of borrowings according to the degree of assimilation: completely assimilated, partly assimilated and non-assimilated (barbarisms). Classification of borrowings according to the language from which the word was borrowed: Romanic borrowings (Latin borrowings, French borrowings, Italian borrowings, Spanish borrowings); Germanic borrowings (Scandinavian borrowings, German borrowings, Holland borrowings). Etymological doublets.
STEPHEN ULLMAN
