1. Conversion as a productive type of word-building means in Modern English. The historical development of conversion: synchronic and diachronic approach. Semantic relationships in conversion. Conversion in different parts of speech. Conversion and other types of word-formation.
2. Word-composition. Characteristic feature of compound words in all languages. Two characteristic features of English compounds. Ways of forming compound words. Classifications of English compounds (according to the parts of speech; according to the way components are joined together; according to their structure; according to the relations between the components of compound words; according to the order of the components).
Exercises to Seminar 3
I. Identify the part of speech of the underlined words.
1. I have no say in the matter. 2. She is such a dear. 3. He liked to know the ins and outs. 4. Soap does not lather in hard water. 5. I shant go into the whys and wherefores. 6. She reads only glossies and comics. 7. I dont want to be a bad third. 8. He was familiar with ups and downs of life.
II. Match the word with the conversion model after which it was formed.
| 1. oil, v | a) N-V |
| 2. brown, v | b) V-N |
| 3. natural, n | c) N-Adj |
| 4. cut, n | d) Adj-N |
| 5. ologies and isms, n | e) Adj-V |
| 6. raven, adj | f) Affix-N |
| 7. e-mail, v | |
| 8. street, adj |
III. Study the definitions of the words forming the following conversion pairs and identify the direction of derivation in them.
1. shade
noun light diminished in intensity as a result of the interception of the rays; partial darkness;
verb to cause shade in or on, to represent degrees of shade or shadow in.
2. freeze
noun the act of freezing, the state of being frozen;
verb to pass from the liquid to the solid state by loss of heat.
3. blight
noun a disease of plants that results in the drying up and dying of the diseased parts;
verb to infect or spoil with blight.
4. bitter
noun that which is bitter, bitterness;
adjective having a sharp taste like aspirin or unsweetened coffee, not sweet.
5. harness
noun an apparatus for controlling a horse, for fastening a horse to a cart, etc., consisting of leather bands held together by metal;
verb to put a harness on (especially on a horse).
6. blink
noun an act of blinking;
verb to shut and open (the eyes) quickly, once or several times.
7. spam
noun a disruptive, especially commercial message posted on a computer network or sent as e-mail;
verb to send spam.
8. assault
noun a violent attack, especially a sudden one;
verb to make an assault on, especially an indecent assault.
9. slash
noun an act of slashing;
verb to make a cut or cut something with long sweeping violent strokes, using a sword, knife, of sharp tool.
10. hail
noun a frozen rain falling in a shower;
verb to fall as hail in a shower.
IV. Apply the criterion of derivational relations to define the derived member in the given conversion pairs.
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Call (n, v), time (n, v), break (n, v), age (n, v), effect (n, v), recover (n, v), harm (n, v), mix (n, v), sleep (n, v), wash (n, v).
V. Define the part of speech of the italicized words. State what parts of speech they are derived from and what word-formation means is applied here. Translate the sentences into Russian.
That fellow really whatevers me. 2. She made a two-part documentary about the war in Kosovo. 3. Local politicians were found to pocket the money of fund-raisers. 4. This video is a must for everyone. 5. The story was in all the dailies. 6. Will you holiday in Switzerland? 7. He busied himself with plans for the future. 8. There is a great deal of difference between before and after. 9. I asked him to modem this information tomorrow. 10. It was a good buy. 11. I dont like a chemistry practical. 12. His skin was weathered almost black by his long outdoor life. 13. The path is steep and dangerous in the wet. 14. I wont join your plan. There are too many ifs and buts in it. 15. The armys actions dirtied its reputation.
VI. Match the compound and its meaning:
| 1. cocktail | a) a yeoman of the English royal guard or a warder of the Tower of London |
| 2. ducktail | b) an informer; a person who betrays, denies, or abandons his or her associates, social group, beliefs |
| 3. bobtail | c) an alcoholic drink consisting of a spirit or spirit or spirits mixed with fruit juice, etc. |
| 4. dogfish | d) a North Atlantic rockfish used for food |
| 5. rosefish | e) a small thin sponge cake |
| 6. dogrose | f) a long thin green vegetable from southern countries (a tropical plant with green seed pods eaten as a vegetable) |
| 7. cheesecake | g) a kind of small shark |
| 8. cheese-eater | h) a short or docked tail |
| 9. beefcake | i) pictures of women with shapely bodies, especially as used in advertisements |
| 10. beefeater | j) a smart weed having pink or purplish flowers and lance-shaped leaves with a spot resembling a thumbprint |
| 11. ladys-slipper | k) a wild rose having pink or white flowers |
| 12. ladyfinger | l) a type of wild or garden orchid with a flower shaped like a pouch |
| 13. ladys fingers | m) a male hairstyle, in which the hair is slicked back on both sides to overlap at the back of the head |
| 14. ladys-thumb | n) pictures of strong muscular men, especially as used in advertisements or sex magazines |
VII. What are the types of the compounds?
Set 1
a) a compound with a linking vowel; b) a compound with a linking consonant; c) a compound with a preposition stem; d) a compound with a conjunction stem
1. pepper-and-salt, n 2. speedometer, n 3. Stratford-on-Avon, n 4. bridesmaid, n 5. door-to-door, adj 6. handicraft, n 7. momndad, n 8. stick-in-the-mud, n.
Set 2
a) a coordinative compound; b) a subordinative compound
1. lipstick, n 2. fifty-fifty, adj 3. road-building, n 4. bittersweet, adj 5. pink-and-white, adj 6. wine-coloured, adj.
Set 3
a) an endocentric compound; b) an exocentric compound
1. steamboat, n 2. sugardaddy, n 3. girlfriend, n 4. pickpocket, n 5. dressing-gown, n 6. lazy-bones, n.
Set 4
a) a non-idiomatic compound; b) an idiomatic compound
1. highbrow, n (a person who has or is thought to have superior intellectual and culturall tastes);
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2. fingerprint, n (a mark made by the tip of a finger on a surface and used for identifying people, especially criminals);
3. dumb-waiter, n (a small lift for carrying food, etc. from one floor to another, especially in a restaurant);
4. wallflower, n (in the meaning a common garden plant that has sweet-smelling/usually orange or brownish-red/flowers in spring);
5. wallflower, n (in the meaning a person /especially a woman/ who has no dancing partners at a dance and has to sit or stand around while others dance);
6. bookworm, n (in the meaning a person devoted to reading or studying);
7. bookworm, n (in the meaning any of various insects that feed on books, especially a booklouse);
8. screwdriver, n (in the meaning a mixed drink made with vodka and orange juice).
VIII. Is this a compound word?
1) childhood; 2) eggplant; 3) mushroom; 4) handkerchief; 5) blackguard; 6) horsemanship.
IX. Group the given compound words according to the relations between the ICs into: 1) coordinative compounds; 2) subordinative compounds. Within the coordinative type single out: a) reduplicative compounds; b) phonically variated rhythmic twin forms; c) additive compounds.
Wolf-dog, duty-free, blah-blah, secretary-stenographer, ticky-tacky, road-building, chi-chi, wrist-watch, dark-brown, ping-pong, ha-ha, a baby-sitter, Anglo-Saxon, riff-raff, knowledge-hungry (eyes), willy-willy, fighter-bomber, weeklong, rugger-bugger, fact-filled (report), easy-peasy, boy-friend, war-weary (people), hush-hush, iron-poor (blood), hob-nob, home-sick, oak-tree, hand-made, willy-nilly, world-famous.
X. Classify the given compound words according to the means of composition into three groups: 1) compounds composed without connecting elements; 2) compounds composed with the help of vowels or consonants as linking elements; 3) compounds composed with the help of prepositions or conjunctions as linking elements.
Make-and-break, saleswoman, up-to-date, heart-beat, down-and-out, electromotive, pale-blue, tragicomic, matter-of-fact, day-time, handiwork, up-and-coming, wind-driven, mother-in-law, oil-rich, craftsmanship, spokesman, sit-at-home, play-acting, good-for-nothing, Anglo-Saxon, blacklist, bridesmaid, one-to-one, water-mark, step-by-step, politico-military, sunflower, Anglo-Catholic, door-handle, out-of-town.
Recommended Literature:
I.V. Arnold. The English Word. ., 1986, pp. 108133, 153164.
R.S.Ginzburg. A course in Modern English Lexicology. ., 1979, pp. 127158.
G.B.Antrushina English lexicology. ., 1999, pp. 78104.
