1. The object of lexicology. Main branches of lexicology (morphology, semasiology, phraseology, etymology, lexicography). General and special lexicology. Contrastive lexicology. Two approaches in studying lexicology (diachronic and synchronic). The theoretical and practical value of English lexicology. The connection of lexicology with phonetics, stylistics, grammar, history of the language.
2. The morphological structure of a word. The morpheme. The principles of morphemic analysis, Types of morphemes. Structural types of words: simple, derived, compound words. The root and the stem. Basic units in Morphemic analysis.
Exercises to Seminar 1
I. Examine the following definitions of lexicology. What do they agree on as the scope of lexicology? And where do they disagree?
1. An area of language study concerned with the nature, meaning, history and use of words and word elements and often also with the critical description of lexicography. (McArthur, ed. 1992)
2. The study of the overall structure and history of the vocabulary of a language. (Collins English Dictionary 1998)
3. A branch of linguistics concerned with the meaning and use of words. (Longman Dictionary of the English Lang uage 1991)
4. The study of the form, meaning, and behaviour of words. (New Oxford Dictionary of English 1998)
II. Divide the following words into their morphemes. Indicate which morphemes are inflectional and which are derivational.
Mistreatment; disactivation; psychology; airsickness; terrorized; uncivilized; lukewarm.
III. Identify the component morpheme(s) of each word. How many morphemes does each word contain?
a) student; b) stupidity; c) unfair; d) excellent; e) sleeping; f) unemployed; g) deforms; h) unreliable; i) trial; j) disinfectant; k) unfairly; l) husbands; m) island; n) classroom; o) paper; p) inversion; q) magazine; r) ugly; s) sandwich; t) crinkly.
IV. For the following words, identify all roots (base words).
Dragged; deactivated; i mpossible; thumbtack; hopefully; unassuming; redness; racketeers; cloudiness; e xceptionally.
V. Do a full morphological analysis of each of the following words. Steps:
1. Say how many morphemes are in the underlined word in each phrase, and rewrite the word with hyphens between the morphemes.
2. Identify each morpheme in the word as bound or free; root, prefix or suffix; and, if an affix, inflectional or derivational. For inflectional morphemes, identify the category the affix marks (tense, number, etc.), and whether or not the suffix appears in a regular or irregular form.
3. For bound morphemes, give at least two other words in which the same morpheme appears (same meaning; same or nearly same form). An example is done for you.
Example: Several Americanisms
4:America-an-ism-s
America: free root
-an: bound derivational suffix; e.g., 'Dominican', 'Republican', 'Asian'
-ism: bound derivational suffix; e.g., 'Communism', 'defeatism'
-s: bound inflectional suffix, regular plural; e.g., 'walls', 'things'
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1.An unfortunate error
2. exchanging pleasantries
3. We have misidentified the victim.
4. children's clothing
5. They're previewing the slides.
6. her two ex-husbands
7. Which scenarios is unlikelier?
8. He unmasks me every time.
9. the safest location
10. the inspector's parking place
11. They are all reactionaries.
12. The play delighted us.
VI. Identify inflectional morphemes.
Having thus answered the only objection that can ever be raised against me as a traveller, I here take a final leave of all my courteous readers and return to enjoy my own speculations in my little garden at Redriff; to apply those excellent lessons of virtue which I learned among the Houyhnhnms; to instruct the Yahoos of my own family, as far as I shall find them docible animals; to behold my figure often in a glass, and thus, if possible, habituate myself by time to tolerate the sight of a human creature, to lament the brutality to Houyhnhnms in my own country, but always treat their persons with respect, for the sake of my noble master, his family, his friends, and the whole Houyhnhnm race, whom these of ours have the honour to resemble in all their lineaments, however their intellectuals came to degenerate.
VII. Read the following paragraph and then answer the questions below:
For all his boasting in that 1906 song, Jelly Roll Morton was right. Folks then and now, it seems, cant get enough of his music. Half a century after his death, U.S. audiences are flocking to see two red-hot musicals about the smooth-talking jazz player; and for those who cant make it, a four-volume CD set of Mortons historic 1938 taping of words and music for the Library of Congress has been released (Jelly Roll Morton: The Library of Congress Recordings; Rounder Records; $ 15.98) and is selling nicely. Morton was not the creator of jazz he claimed to be, but such was his originality as a composer and pianist that his influence has persisted down the years, vindicating what he said back in 1938: Whatever these guys play today, theyre playing Jelly Roll (from: Time, January 16, 1995)
(a) List the plural nouns which occur in this extract, and arrange them according to their respective plural allomorphs: /s/, /z/, /iz/.
(b) List those nouns in the extract which have the meaning one who performs an action and state which of these are formed according to a productive morphological rule.
(c) Which types of inflectional morphemes can you find in the extract? Give one example of each type, i.e. two nominal inflections, and four verbal inflections.
VIII. Analyse the following words from the point of view of their ICs and UCs.
Independence, beautifulness, unforgettable, ultra-creative, spotlessness, disrespectful, unladylike, disarmament, injustice, disobedience.
Recommended literature:
I.V. Arnold. The English Word. ., 1986, pp. 7790, 8187, 9095.
R.S.Ginzburg. A course in Modern English Lexicology. ., 1979, pp. 89107.
G.B. Antrushina English Lexicology. M., 1999, pp. 611.
Seminar 2. AFFIXATION
1. General characteristics of suffixes and prefixes. Classification of prefixes according to: a) their correlation with independent words; b) meaning; c) origin. Classification of suffixes according to: a) the part of speech formed; b) the criterion of sense; c) stylistic reference; d) origin. Productive and non-productive affixes, dead andliving affixes. The difference between the productivity of an affix and its frequency.
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2. The valency of affixes and stems. Word-building (derivational) patterns and their meaning.
Exercises to Seminar 2
I. Give the meaning of the highlighted suffix in the following words. Be as specific as possible.
| 1. spectator | 6. canine | 11. bronchitis |
| 2. phobia | 7. communism | 12. pubescent |
| 3. asteroid | 8. antipathy | 13. stadium |
| 4. solarium | 9. erudite | 14. carcinoma |
| 5. prognosis | 10. unity | 15. finalize |
II. Inflectional and Derivational Suffixes
Determine what kind of suffix is highlighted in the words below. Use the structure of the sentences to guide your decision. The item number follows the word.
Inflectional Suffix
Noun -forming Derivational Suffix
Verb -forming Derivational Suffix
Adjective -forming Derivational Suffix
It was a dark and tempestu ous (1) night. Suddenly, an explos ion (2) pierc ed (3) the sil ence (4). The maid 's (5) persist ent (6) scream s (7) rang from the conservat ory (8). The butler was runn ing (9) up the stairs, when he stumbled over the prostr ate (10) body of his erstwhile employ er (11), a reclus ive (12) industrial ist (13). Quickly, he deduced that the man had been giv en (14) a fat al (15) dose of an anesthet ic (16). A frag ile (17) docu ment (18) was missing from the gigant ic (19) safe. He began to organ ize (20) a reconnaiss ance (21) to search for the fugit ive (22). After that, he planned to interrog ate (23) the miscre ant (24).
III. Use the prefixes and suffixes auto-, bio-, inter-, tele-, sub-, trans-, -logy and the other clues given below, to build 12 words.
1. Something that moves, or is mobile, by itself.
2. Graph means recording or writing, so a word meaning self-writing would be.
3. If -matic means working, then a mechanism that works by itself is.
4. Marine means to do with the sea. What can go under the sea?
5. A word meaning across the sea could be.
6. Portare is the Latin word to carry. Make a word that means carry across.
7. Flights between nations are described as.
8. Writing from far away.
9. Do you have 20/20 vision? This word means seeing from far.
10. A word meaning life study.
11. A piece of writing about someone elses life.
12. Can you guess a word self-life-writing?
IV. English has two noun-building suffixes for qualities: - ness and - ity as in aptness, brightness, calmness, openness, strangeness, and beauty, conformity, cruelty, difficulty, excessivity, regularity. These differences are often related to the origin of the word stems.
(a) Can you see any regular pattern for the cases when - ness is used and when -(i)ty?
(b) The adjective odd has two derivational nouns, oddness and oddity. Which one do you feel to be the normal derivation? Why? What is the difference in meaning between oddness and oddity? Consult a dictionary to check your answers.
V. Which unit is the odd one out in each of the following sets?
Set 1
1. noun-forming suffixes: -or, -ive, -hood, -ism;
2. adjective-forming suffixes: -able, -less, -ous, -ty;
3. verb-forming suffixes: -ize, -ify, -ful, -ise.
Set 2
1. suffixes denoting the agent of an action: -er, -or, -ist, -ment;
2. suffixes denoting nationality: -tion, -ian, -ese, -ish;
3. suffixes denoting diminutiveness: -ie, -kin, -ock, -ster;
4. suffixes denoting feminine gender: -ess, -age, -ine, -ette;
5. suffixes having derogatory meaning: -ard, -ster, -ist, -ton.
Set 3
1. suffixes of native origin: -ful, -less, -able, -dom, -ish, -ship;
2. suffixes of Romanic origin: -ment, -en, -eer, -age, -ance;
3. suffixes of Greek origin: -ist, -ism, -ite, -nik.
Set 4
1. prefixes of negative meaning: in-, non-, en-, un-;
2. prefixes denting repetition or reversal action: re-, pre-, dis-, de-;
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3. prefixes denoting space: sub-, unter-, trans-, mis-;
4. prefixes denoting time and order: im-, fore-, pre-, post-.
VI. Distribute the given words formed by means of the suffix -ship into 3 corresponding groups: 1) skills or ability; 2) position or occupation; 3) relationship or connection between people.
Workmanship, comradeship, musicianship, chairmanship, friendship, professorship, showmanship, lectureship, kinship, sportsmanship, acquaintanceship, studentship, salesmanship, doctorship, partnership.
VII. Translate the given combinations of words into English. Pay special attention to the formation of different in meaning adjectives by means of adding different suffixes to one and the same derivational base.
1) exhaust: ; 2) history: ; 3) honour: ; 4) respect: ; 5) skill: , ; 6) culture: ; 7) touch: ; 8) delight: ; 9) economy: ; 10) contempt: .
Recommended Literature:
I.V. Arnold. The English Word. ., 1986, pp. 87101.
R.S.Ginzburg. A course in Modern English Lexicology. ., 1979, pp. 108127.
G.B.Antrushina. English Lexicology. M., 1999, pp. 7886.
