.


:




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-.

- , , . , , .

- , . Ÿ ( ), . - , - -.

- (.4).

1. , .

2. .

3. .

4. .

, ; - , - .

, ,


, , .

. 4 -

 

(.5). , , .


- .

. 5 -

 

2. .

.

. 1, 2, ,..., n. .

.

- , . . , , .

, , .

:

1 = I; 3 = III; 5 = V: 10 = X; 50 = L: 100 = ; 500 = D; 1000 = .

: , , - . - .

= 1990.

- , , . .

.

, :

0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9.

:

63510=6102+3101+5100.

, . "" , ,..:

0,56410=5x10-1+6x10-2+4x10-3.

.

. 0 1, .

, .:

11012=123+122+021+120.

 

. - , ..:

0,11012=12-1+12-2+02-3+12-4.

, . : . - , - . , .

.

. :

0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7.

, .

.

, . . 16 .

: 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9,

: = 10; = 11; = 12; D= 13; = 14; F = 15.

 

2.2. .

I. .

:

1. , , .. 2. 2 1 0. (...) .

2. 2. (0 1) .

3. 2, .

4. , , , , .

1) 57/2 =28 1 (...)

2) 28/2 = 14 0

3) 14/2=7 0

4) 7/2=3 1

5) 3/2=1 1

6) 1/2=0 1 (..)

5710=1110012

 

II. .


= 8. , 7.

9610=1408

 

III. .


= 16. , 15 = F.

27110=10F16

 

IV. .

, , .

1011012=1x25+0x24+1x23+1x22+1x21+1x20=4510

 

V. .

, , .

2778=2x82+7x81+7x80=19110

 

VI. .

, , .

1AF16=1x162+Ax161+Fx160=1x162+10x161+15x160=43110

 

VII. .

() .

2AF16=0010.1010.11112

 

VIII. .

() .

2578=010.101.1112

 

IX. .

, .

101.100.0112=5438

 

 

X. .

, .

101.1111.10002=5F816

 

 

 

2.3. .

I. .

:

1. , , .. 2.

2. 1, 0, 1. 1.

3. 2. , 1, .

4. 1. 0, 1, 1.

5. , 1, .

1. 0,34375x2 =0,6875 0 (..)

2. 0,6875x2 =1,375 1

3. 0,375x2 =0,75 0

4. 0,75x2 =1,5 1

5. 0,5x2 =1 1 (...)

 

0,3437510=0,010112

 

 

II. .

, .. 8. 7.

1. 0,375x8=3,0 3

0,37510=0,38

 

III. .

, . 15.

1. 0,5x16=8,0 8

0,510=0,816

IV. .

, , .

0,11012=1x2-1+1x2-2+0x2-3+1x2-4=0,812510

 

V. .

, , .

0,258=2x8-1+5x8-2=0,32810

 

VI. . , , .

0,A816=Ax16-1+8x16-2=10x16-1+8x16-2=0,65610

 

VII. ,

.

0,F716=0,1111.01112

 

VIII. .

.

0,528=0,101.0102

 

IX. .

. , .

0,101100012=0,101.100.0102=0,5428

 

X. .

. , .

0,01011000012=0,0101.1000.01002=0,58416

 

2.4. .

, , , , . . , .

, , . , , ( , ), , , , . . , . , , , .

. . , . . "0", "1", .

. . . , . , .

. , . 3,32 .

, , .

 

.

, . .

1. .

:

0+0=0

1+0=1

0+1=1

1+1=(1)0 -


, , . , 1+1 . :

. , , .

1. .

:

0-0=0

1-0=1

1-1=0

(1)0-1=1 - .

 

, . , . , , , , , . :

2.
.

, . .

2. .

, , .. , .

.

 

. , . , . :

1. .

2. .

3. .

, - , , .. , , S=2.

1. .

X [] X : =+0,12...n, [X]np=0,X1X2...Xn, X=-0,12...n, [X]=1,X1X2...Xn, 12...Xn- . .. , 0. ; 1. . .

2. .

X []. , .. >0 [X]=[X]-X. : 1. , - . .. X=-0.X1X2...Xn,

[X]=1.X̅̅̅12...X̅n, X̅̅̅̅1=(1,2,...,n) - .

: X=0,1001 []=1,0110

3. .

X [] , . >0, []=[]=. : , , , . . X=-0.X1X2...Xn :

[]=1,X̅1̅2...X̅n+0,00...1 ( n).

: []=[]+0.00...1

 

: 2 11002(1210) 1012(510)- .

, . , ; . , .

4. .

. , : - 00, - 11 , , .

, .

2.7. .

. . , . .

: ().

1. .

- , . . ,
; - . .

.6.

, , . 0 , 1 - . 0.11...1

0.000 .. 2n≤|X|≤1-2-n (0≤x≤1-2-31)


.7.

 

, , :

0≤ x ≤2 n -1 (0≤ x ≤231-1)

, , , .

, . . " " .

2. .

- . . :

=gPM,

g - (S=16);

- ( );

- ( ).

X.

, () ( ). , , .


 

.8. ,

, . , , . " .

. , , , . , , . , 1/S≤M≤1, . . .

S=8 S=16, .

:

1011012=2(101101)2=21100.101101=21110.0101101=210000.00101101.

 



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