- , , . , , .
- , . Ÿ ( ), . - , - -.
- (.4).
1. , .
2. .
3. .
4. .
, ; - , - .
, ,
, , .
. 4 -
(.5). , , .
- .
. 5 -
2. .
.
. 1, 2, ,..., n. .
.
- , . . , , .
, , .
:
1 = I; 3 = III; 5 = V: 10 = X; 50 = L: 100 = ; 500 = D; 1000 = .
: , , - . - .
= 1990.
- , , . .
|
|
.
, :
0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9.
:
63510=6102+3101+5100.
, . "" , ,..:
0,56410=5x10-1+6x10-2+4x10-3.
.
. 0 1, .
, .:
11012=123+122+021+120.
|
. - , ..:
0,11012=12-1+12-2+02-3+12-4.
, . : . - , - . , .
.
. :
0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7.
, .
.
, . . 16 .
: 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9,
: = 10; = 11; = 12; D= 13; = 14; F = 15.
2.2. .
I. .
:
1. , , .. 2. 2 1 0. (...) .
2. 2. (0 1) .
3. 2, .
4. , , , , .
1) 57/2 =28 1 (...)
2) 28/2 = 14 0
3) 14/2=7 0
4) 7/2=3 1
5) 3/2=1 1
6) 1/2=0 1 (..)
5710=1110012
|
|
II. .
= 8. , 7.
9610=1408
III. .
= 16. , 15 = F.
27110=10F16
IV. .
, , .
1011012=1x25+0x24+1x23+1x22+1x21+1x20=4510
V. .
, , .
2778=2x82+7x81+7x80=19110
VI. .
, , .
1AF16=1x162+Ax161+Fx160=1x162+10x161+15x160=43110
VII. .
() .
2AF16=0010.1010.11112
VIII. .
() .
2578=010.101.1112
IX. .
, .
101.100.0112=5438
X. .
, .
101.1111.10002=5F816
2.3. .
I. .
:
1. , , .. 2.
2. 1, 0, 1. 1.
3. 2. , 1, .
4. 1. 0, 1, 1.
5. , 1, .
|
|
1. 0,34375x2 =0,6875 0 (..)
2. 0,6875x2 =1,375 1
3. 0,375x2 =0,75 0
4. 0,75x2 =1,5 1
5. 0,5x2 =1 1 (...)
0,3437510=0,010112
II. .
, .. 8. 7.
1. 0,375x8=3,0 3
0,37510=0,38
III. .
, . 15.
1. 0,5x16=8,0 8
0,510=0,816
IV. .
, , .
0,11012=1x2-1+1x2-2+0x2-3+1x2-4=0,812510
V. .
, , .
0,258=2x8-1+5x8-2=0,32810
VI. . , , .
0,A816=Ax16-1+8x16-2=10x16-1+8x16-2=0,65610
VII. ,
.
0,F716=0,1111.01112
VIII. .
.
0,528=0,101.0102
IX. .
. , .
0,101100012=0,101.100.0102=0,5428
X. .
. , .
0,01011000012=0,0101.1000.01002=0,58416
2.4. .
, , , , . . , .
|
|
, , . , , ( , ), , , , . . , . , , , .
. . , . . "0", "1", .
. . . , . , .
. , . 3,32 .
, , .
.
, . .
1. .
:
0+0=0
1+0=1
0+1=1
1+1=(1)0 -
, , . , 1+1 . :
. , , .
1. .
:
0-0=0
1-0=1
1-1=0
(1)0-1=1 - .
, . , . , , , , , . :
2.
.
, . .
2. .
, , .. , .
.
. , . , . :
|
|
1. .
2. .
3. .
, - , , .. , , S=2.
1. .
X [] X : =+0,12...n, [X]np=0,X1X2...Xn, X=-0,12...n, [X]=1,X1X2...Xn, 12...Xn- . .. , 0. ; 1. . .
2. .
X []. , .. >0 [X]=[X]-X. : 1. , - . .. X=-0.X1X2...Xn,
[X]=1.X̅̅̅1X̅2...X̅n, X̅̅̅̅1=(1,2,...,n) - .
: X=0,1001 []=1,0110
3. .
X [] , . >0, []=[]=. : , , , . . X=-0.X1X2...Xn :
[]=1,X̅1̅2...X̅n+0,00...1 ( n).
: []=[]+0.00...1
: 2 11002(1210) 1012(510)- .
, . , ; . , .
4. .
. , : - 00, - 11 , , .
, .
2.7. .
. . , . .
: ().
1. .
- , . . ,
; - . .
.6.
, , . 0 , 1 - . 0.11...1
0.000 .. 2n≤|X|≤1-2-n (0≤x≤1-2-31)
.7.
, , :
0≤ x ≤2 n -1 (0≤ x ≤231-1)
, , , .
, . . " " .
2. .
- . . :
=gPM,
g - (S=16);
- ( );
- ( ).
X.
, () ( ). , , .
.8. ,
, . , , . " .
. , , , . , , . , 1/S≤M≤1, . . .
S=8 S=16, .
:
1011012=2(101101)2=21100.101101=21110.0101101=210000.00101101.