In view of the importance of the position, official as well as personal, of the head of a diplomatic mission, custom requires that the government which sends the envoy ascertains before his appointment that he will be persona grata. The request for agrement or acceptance is presented either through the head of mission of the receiving state or the charge d'affaires who is temporarily in charge of the mission, or through the diplomatic mission of the sending state in the receiving state. As soon as consent is obtained the appointment is made public.
The new head of mission is provided by the government with official letters called letters of credence or, colloquially, credent lull These letters are placed in an envelope sealed with wax, and must, in principle, be opened by the head of state at the time of presentation. A time copy {copie d'usage)is added which is destined to be delivered by the head of mission to the Minister for Foreign Affairs at the time of his arrival. These letters confer upon the foreign envoy the authority for his mission and determine bearing of his appointment.
The protocol forms of his official document include one which accredits, personally, the new head of mission to the head of state and requests faith and credence in the former's statements.
In most states, the presentation of credentials by a diplomatic representative implies recognition de jure of a provisional government. Political agents sent to de facto recognized foreign governments are simply provided with credentials addressed from Minister for Foreign Affairs to Minister for Foreign Affairs. In certain states, however - the United States and Japan, for instance, - the presentation of credentials addressed by head of state to head of state does not carry with it recognition de jure of the local government. The delivery of credentials can, at that time, be accompanied by formal reserves which specify the character of the relations between both states.
Charges d'affaires with letters (Vienna Convention, art. 14c) receive lettres de cabinet or cabinet letters addressed by Minister for Foreign Affairs to Minister for Foreign Affairs. These letters are delivered directly to the Minister for Foreign Affairs on arrival of the charge d'affaires who, from that moment, is considered as having officially assumed his functions.
Before the arrival of a head of mission the charge d'affaires makes known.to the Minister of Foreign Affairs the date and hour of arrival of the incumbent and ascertains when the Minister will receive the new head of mission on his first visit. The charge d'affaires should also call on the Dean of the diplomatic corps and announce the arrival of the new head of mission.
The arrival of a head of mission in the capital where he is to exercise his functions does not call for any official ceremony. The new agent must be considered incognito until he presents his credentials to the head of state. It is customary, however, for thelocal authorities to show him and those accompanying him certain attentions, such as customs and frontier police facilities and reception at his place of arrival by an official of the protocol service, etc. Local customs determine these various attentions.
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Delivery of the credentials of the new head of mission should be preceded by the sending of the letters of recall of the agent whose mission has been brought to an end. These letters are presented by the head of mission on the occasion of his audience to take leave. They can also be brought by the new diplomatic representative. This is always the case in the United Kingdom.
As soon as the new head of mission has arrived he is informed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the day and hour when the Foreign Minister will receive him for the delivery of the copied'usage of the credentials, which will be in his possession, and perhaps of the letters of recall of his predecessor. The custom of each Ministry of Foreign Affairs is to indicate the form in which the new head of mission should make his visit and, should the occasion arise, other visits. He has recourse to the protocol service for all information which he may need for his purpose.
It is the general custom for the new arrival, immediately after his private reception by the Foreign Minister, to call, unofficially on the Dean of the diplomatic corps in order to ascertain local protocol requirements.
The Minister for Foreign Affairs is not required to return the visit of the new head of mission; this also applies to the Dean of the diplomatic corps.
When a copy of the credentials of the new head of mission has been examined and found correct in substance as well as in form, the protocol service at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will, in accordance with local custom, arrange an audience for the new head of mission with the head of state, for delivery of the credentials.
The reception by the head of state of an ambassador or a minister plenipotentiary constitutes official recognition of this representative. The protocol service handles the ceremonial, i. ., compositionand order of the procession which may include an escort, military honours, exchange of addresses, etc. An account of the ceremony is generally published in an official publication.
All heads of mission are received by the head of state, in the order of their arrival in the capital (Vienna Convention, art. 13). The ceremonial dress should be the same for all heads of mission of equal rank (art. 18). From this moment, the head of mission enjoys the diplomatic status with all its accompanying immunities and prerogatives. He takes rank on the diplomatic list as from the day and hour he presented his credentials (art. 16). In some countries, however, diplomatic status and seniority both date from the delivery of the copie d'usage as, for instance, in Great Britain. (From "Diplomatic Ceremonial and Protocol" by J.Wood &J.Serres)
EXHIBIT 73
LETTERS
OF CREDENCE
(Credentials)
ELIZABETH THE SECOND,
BY THE GRACE OF GOD OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND AND OF HER OTHER REALMS AND TERRITORIES QUEEN, HEAD OF THE COMMONWEALTH, DEFENDER OF THE FAITH,
&.,&.,&.,
TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF (name of country)
Sendeth Greeting!
Our Good Friend!
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Being desirous to maintain, without interruption, the relations of friendship and good understanding which happily subsist between Our Realm and (name of country), We have made choice of Our Trusty and Well-beloved Sir , Knight Commander of Our Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, to reside with You in the character of Our Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary.
The experience which We have had of Sir...'s talents and zeal for Our service assures Us that the selection We have made will be perfectly agreeable to You; and that he will discharge his Mission in such a manner as to merit Your approbation and esteem, and to prove himself worthy of this new mark of Our confidence.
We therefore request that You will give entire credence to all that Sir... shall communicate to You in Our name, more especially when he shall renew to You the assurances of the lively interest which We take in everything that affects the welfare and prosperity of the Republic (name of country).
Given at Our Court of Saint James's, the... day of August, One thousand Nine hundred and..., in the... Year of Our Reign.
Your Good Friend,
ELIZABETH R.
ASSIGNMENTS
I.Read the text and answer the checkup questions.
I. What is the usual practice of applying for agrement? 2. When is the appointment of a diplomatic envoy made public? 3.What is a "true copy" of the credentials? When is it delivered? 4. Which document accredits a new head of mission to the head of state requesting faith and credence in the former's statements? 5. Why should a charge d'affaires call on the Dean of the diplomatic corps before the arrival of the newly appointed ambassador? 6. What is considered an official recognition of an ambassador or a minister plenipotentiary? 7.When are the letters of credence usually presented?
II.Complete the following sentences using the required information mom the above text.
I. A new head of mission is provided by the government with.... 2. The Betters of credence confer upon a foreign envoy.... 3. In most states, the presentation of credentials by a diplomatic representative implies____4. In certain states, the presentation of credentials addressed by head of state to head of state does not carry with it....5. A new diplomatic agent must be considered incognito until....
6. The letters of recall are presented by the head of mission on the occasion of.... 7. The Minister for Foreign Affairs receives a new head of mission for.... 8. When a copy of the credentials of a new head of mission has been examined and found correct....
III. Suggest the Russian for:
I) the delivery of the copie d'usage of one's credentials; 2) the letters of recall of one's predecessor; 3) an official recognition; 4) the reception, by the head of state of an ambassador; 5) recognition de jure of a provisional government; 6) at the time of presentation; 7) in accordance with a local custom; 8) in the order of arrival; 9) in substance as well as in form; 10) to announce the arrival of a new head of mission; 11) to arrange an audience for the new head of mission with the head of state; 12) to ascertain protocol requirements.
IV. Memorize the phrases below, suggest their Russian equivalents:
1) to contribute to the maintenance of the friendly relations so happily existing between the two countries; 2) to give smb another appointment 3) to recall smb from the post of Ambassador Extraordinary an Plenipotentiary; 4) to receive favourably one's Letters of Recall.
V. Point out the root in the words "credence" and "credentials", given few derivatives with this root.
VI. Suggest the English for:
I) ; 2) ; 3) ( ); 4) ; 5) ; 6) ; 7) , ; 8) -. ; 9) ; 10) -. .
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II) ; 12) .
VII. Study the use of italicized words in different phrases. Suggest their Russian equivalents.
DIPLOMATIC
~ act; ~activity; ~ agent; ~ bag; ~circles; ~ contacts; ~ corps; ~ courier; ~ identity card; ~ immunity; ~ intercourse; - mail; ~ mission; ~ law; ~ personnel; ~ pouch; ~ practice; ~ privileges; ~ recognition; ~ relations; representative; ~ service; ~ sources; ~ status; through ~ channels.
IMMUNITY
consular ~; diplomatic ~; parliamentary~; deprivation of parliamentary ~; ~ of a deputy; ~ of office; ~ of residence; ~ from taxation; to accord smb ~; to enjoy ~; to guarantee ~.
VIII. Suggest the English for:
I) ; 2) ; ) ; 4) ;
5) ; 6) ; 7) ; 8) ; 9) ; 10) .
IX. Account for the use of modal verbs in the following sentences from the text.
1.The letters of credence must, in principle, be opened by the head of state at the time of presentation. 2. The delivery of credentials can be accompanied by formal reserves which specify the character of the relations between both states. 3. The charge d'affaires should also call on the Dean of the diplomatic corps and announce the arrival of the new head of mission. 4. The new agent must be considered incognito until he presents his credentials to the head of state. 5. Delivery of the credentials of the new head of mission should be preceded by the sending of the letters of recall of the agent whose mission has been brought to an end. 6. These letters can be brought by the new diplomatic representative.7.The custom of each Ministry of Foreign Affairs is to indicate the form in which the new head of mission should make his visit.
X. Make up a few sentences according to the model
Model. Should the occasion arise, the new head of mission should make other visits as well.
( , ) .
XI. Translate into Russian using a dictionary.
1. Should a party neglect to request a diplomat to exhibit evidence of his authorization, a presumption as to the competence of the diplomat must
nevertheless arise. 2. Should there be any delay involved in obtaining the agreement of the tax authorities, we are confident that no unilateral steps will be taken by any government authority. 3. Should the Secretary-General be absent on duty from the seat of the Bureau, actual traveling expensed will be paid. 4. Should there be evidence of an authorization issued after the end of the negotiations, the other party may rely upon actions taken by the agent on that basis. 5. Should the first two arbitrators fail to agree upon the third within four months of their own appointment, the third arbitrator, at the request of the Government or of the Organization, shall, be chosen by the President of the International Court of Justice. 6. Should the parties to a dispute fail to settle it by the means indicated in Article 33, they shall refer it to the Security Council.
XII. Translate into Russian taking note of the words and phrases in bold type.
1. An ambassador or minister is, on being appointed to a post, provided with Credentials, or Letters of Credence, signed by his sovereign or the head of his State. 2. The head of mission is considered as having taken up his functions in the receiving State either when he has presented hit credentials or when he has notified his arrival and a true copy of his credentials has been presented to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the receiving State, or such other ministry as may be agreed. 3. The order of presentation of credentials or of a true copy thereof is determined by the date and time of the arrival of the head of mission. 4. Heads of mission take precedence in their respective classes in the order of the date and time of taking up their functions. Alterations in the credentials of the head of mission not involving any change of class do not affect his precedence. 5. Letters addressed by presidents of republics to sovereigns may be credentials of ambassadors or ministers, letters of recall, recredentials, announcement of election to the presidency, etc. 6. In the United Kingdom, the form of letters of credence does not differ from that of any other type of formal royal letter. 7. It is unusual, in modern practice, for an ambassador, on retiring from his post, to present his Letters of Recall himself. 8. Not to find himself in an awkward position, the newly appointed ambassador should be sure that his predecessor had already presented his Letters of Recall. 9. Accrediting citizen X. by the present Letters of Credence we request You, Your Majesty/Your (Royal) Highness/, to receive him favourably and to give credence to all that he will have the honour to communicate to You on behalf of our Government.
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XIII. Read the following, translate into Russian.
AMBASSADOR of (name of country)
(city) (name of country)
March 10, 20__
Dear Colleague,
I have the honour to inform you that I have, today, presented to His Excellency..., President of (name of country), the Letter of Credence accrediting me as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of (name of country) to (name of country).
I avail myself of this opportunity to express my sincere desire to maintain and further develop the cordial relations, both official and personal, which exist so happily between our two countries.
Please accept the assurances of my highest consideration.
Sincerely,
His Excellency
Mr...............
Ambassador of (name of country)
to (name of country)
XV. Identify the type of a diplomatic document below, give reason to prove your choice.
ELIZABETH THE SECOND,
BY THE GRACE OF GOD OF THE UNITED KINGDOM
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND AND
OF HER OTHER REALMS AND TERRITORIES QUEEN,
HEAD OF THE COMMONWEALTH,
DEFENDER OF THE FAITH,
&.,&.,&.,
To the President of the Republic of... Sendeth Greeting!
Our Good Friend! Having need elsewhere for the services of Our Trusty and Well-beloved X. who has for some time resided with You in the character of Our Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary,
We have thought fit to notify to You the termination of his Mission in that capacity. We have thought fit to notify to You his Recall.
We are Ourselves so satisfied with the zeal, ability, and fidelity with which X. has executed Our orders on all occasions during his Mission that We trust his conduct will also have merited Your approbation, and in this pleasing confidence We avail Ourselves of the Opportunity to renew to You the assurances of Our constant friendship, and of Our earnest wishes for the welfare and prosperity of the Republic of.
And so We commend You to the protection of the Almighty.
Given at Our Court of St. James, the.....day of....., One thousand Nine hundred and.....in the.....Year of Our Reign.
Your Good Friend,
ELIZABETH R.
XVI. Reproduce the following in English.
(lettresdecreance - .) - , . , , , .
: , , ; , , { ; , , , , ; , .
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* * *
(lettresderappel - .) - , . , , , , .
, ; , .
XVII. Speak on the lexical and stylistic peculiarities of letters of credence and letters of recall.
FULL POWERS
A diplomatic agent to whom a particular negotiation is entrusted for the conclusion of a treaty or convention, or an agent who deputed to take part in a congress or conference for a similar purpose, requires as a general rule a special authorization, called full power, from the head of the state whom he represents; or may be from its government, if the proposed treaty arrangement to be between governments.
Full powers to ratify a treaty or to accede to a treaty are t obsolete, presumably because ratification and accession are the acts of governments themselves.
At a time when most states were governed by more or lest; absolute monarchs, when weeks and months were consumed in travelling from one capital to another, and when there was no mode of communication faster than a horse, a full power invested its recipient with power to bind his principal, provided that he acted within the limits of its authority. Today a full power means something quite different; it invests the agent with power to negotiate and to sign a treaty but not with power to bind his principal, except in those cases where the signing of a treaty alone suffices for this purpose.
When the representatives of the negotiating states enter upon their task, the first step is the mutual submission of their full powers for verification. In the case of a multipartite negotiation, the duty of verification falls upon the "headquarters government" or, in the case of treaties concluded under the auspices of the United Nations, upon its Secretariat, assisted in each case by a small committee of plenipotentiaries. It would be useless to enter upon negotiations without this assurance that the representative present were duly authorized to speak and sign on behalf of their states or govern ments. It is not essential that the full powers should be actually exchanged and retained by the opposite party. Sometimes certified copies are retained, and sometimes the full powers issued ad hoc are handed to the "headquarters government", which preserves them in the archives of the treaty. Practice is not uniform.
The full powers vary greatly in form, according to the particular constitution or the settled practice of the country which issues them. Differences may also exist according to the degree of Importance ascribed to the treaty, or whether it is to be concluded between heads of state or, on the other hand, between governments. The essential feature of all such documents is that they should show by their terms that the representative to whom they are Issued is invested with all necessary authority on the part of the slate concerned to take part in the negotiations pending, and to conclude and sign, subject if necessary to ratification, the treaty Instrument which may result from these negotiations.
EXHIBIT 73
SPECIAL
FULL POWER
(issued by the Queen,
Great Britain)
(Her Majesty's signature)
ELIZABETH THE SECOND,
BY THE GRACE OF GOD OF THE UNITED KINGDOM
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND AND
OF HER OTHER REALMS AND TERRITORIES QUEEN, HEAD OF THE COMMONWEALTH,
DEFENDER OF THE FAITH,
&c, &c, &c.
To all and singular to whom these Presents shall come, Greeting!
Whereas, for the better treating of and arranging any matters which are now in discussion, or which may come into discussion, between Us, in respect of Our United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and... relative to [here follows a general description of the subject matter of the negotiations], We have judged it expedient toinvest a fit person with Full Power to conduct the said discussion on Our part in respect of Our United Kingdom of Great Brita and Northern Ireland; Know Ye, therefore, that We, reposing especial Trust and Confidence in the Wisdom, Loyalty, Diligence and Circumspection of Our..., have named, made, constituted and appointed, as We do by these Presents name, make, constitute and appoint him Our undoubted Commissioner, Procurator and Plenipotentiary in respect of Our United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Giving to him all manner of Power and Authority to treat, adjust and conclude with such Minister Ministers, Plenipotentiary or Plenipotentiaries as may be vested with similar Power and Authority on the part of... any Treaty, Convention, Agreement, Protocol or other Instrument that maytend to the attainment of the above-mentioned end, and to sign for Us, and in Our name, in respect of Our United Kingdom; Great Britain and Northern Ireland, everything so agreed upon and concluded, and to do and transact all such other matters as may appertain thereto, in as ample manner and form, and with equal force and efficacy, as We Ourselves could do, if personally present; Engaging and Promising, upon Our Royal Word, that whatever things shall be so transacted and concluded by Our s Commissioner, Procurator and Plenipotentiary, in respect of Our United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, shall, subject if necessary to Our Ratification, be agreed to, acknowledged and accepted by Us in the fullest manner, and that We will never suffer, either in the whole or in part, any person whatsoever to in fringe the same, or act contrary thereto, as far as it lies in Our power.
In witness whereof We have caused Our Great Seal to be affix to these Presents, which We have signed with Our Royal Hand.
Given at Our Court of Saint James, the... day of... in the Year of Our Lord, One thousand Nine hundred and......and in the.Year of Our Reign.
(Wafer Great Seal)
EXHIBIT 76
SPECIAL
FULL POWER
(issued by the President,
USA)
(name in full),
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA,
to all to whom these Presents shall come, Greeting:
Know Ye That, reposing special trust and confidence in the Integrity, prudence, and ability of..., Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the United States of America to...,I have invested him with full and all manner of power and authority for and in the name of the United States of America to meet and confer with any person or persons duly authorized by the Government of..., being invested with like power and authority, and with Rich a person or persons to negotiate, conclude, and sign an agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of... to facilitate the interchange of patent rights and technical information together with a related note.
In testimony whereof, I have caused the Seal of the United States of America to be hereunto affixed.
Done at the city of Washington this tenth day of December in ihe year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and... and of I he Independence of the United States of America the two hundred....
(Seal)
By the President:
President of the
Secretary of State United States
EXHIBIT 77
GOVERNMENTAL
FULL POWER
(issued by Her Majesty's
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,
Great Britain)
Whereas for the better treating of and arranging certain matte which are now in discussion, or which may come into discussion; between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of... relative to [here follows a general description the subject matter of the negotiations], it is expedient that a fit person should be invested with Full Power to conduct the said discussion on the part of the Government of the Unites Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; I....., a Member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, Her Majesty s Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, do hereby certify that... is by these Presents named, constituted and appointed at Plenipotentiary and Representative having Full Power and Authority to agree and conclude,with such Plenipotentiary or Representative as may be vested with similar Power and Authority on the part of the Government of... any Treaty, Convention, Agreement, Protocol or other Instrument that may tend to the attainment of the above-mentioned end, and to sign for the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland everything so agreed upon and concluded. Further, I do hereby certify that whatever things shall be so transacted and concluded by the said Plenipotentiary and Representative, shall, subject if necessary to Ratification by the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, be agreed to, acknowledged and accepted by the said Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in the fullest manner.
In witness whereof I have signed these Presents and affixed hereto my Seal.
Signed and sealed at the Foreign Office, London, the... day of... One thousand Nine hundred and....
(seal)
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
ASSIGNMENTS
I. Read the text and answer the checkup questions.
1.What is a full power? 2.When does the diplomatic agent require a special authorization, called a full power, from the head of the state whom he represents? 3.When and where are the full powers of the plenipotentiaries Exhibited for verification? 4. What was the custom observed in former limes? 5. What is the form of the full powers issued nowadays to representatives for such purposes as the negotiation and signature of a treaty? 6 Who performs the duty of verification of the full powers? 7. What seems to be the most essential feature of such documents?
II. Complete the following sentences using the required information from the above text.
I. The full powers to ratify a treaty or to accede to a treaty are now.... 2. At a time when most states were governed by more or less absolute monarchs, a full power invested its recipient with....3.Today a full power means.... 4. When the representatives of the negotiating states enter upon their task, the first step is....
5. The full powers issued ad hoc are.... 6. They vary greatly in form, according to.... 7. In the case of a multipartite negotiation, the duty of verification falls upon....
IV. Memorize the phrases below, suggest their Russian equivalents.
1) everything so agreed upon and concluded; 2) the full powers conferred by the high contracting parties; 3) the full powers given ad hoc, 4) an instrument that may tend to the attainment of the above-mentioned end; S) ministers, commissioners or plenipotentiaries as may be vested with similar power and authority; 6) for the purpose aforesaid;7) in as ample manner and form, and with equal force and efficacy an; 8) in testimony whereof, 1 have caused the Seal of the United States of America to be hereunto affixed; 9) I do hereby certify that; 10) who is by these Presents named, constituted and appointed as Plenipotentiary and Representative having Full Power and Authority.
V. Study the use of italicized words in different phrases, suggest their Russian equivalents.
POWER
absolute ~; the great ~s; the leading ~s; a colonial ~; a maritime ~; a nuclear ~; a party in ~; to be beyond one's ~; to come to ~; to do all in one s ~; to seize ~.
POWERS
emergency ~; large ~; official -; wide ~; delegation of ~; verification of ~; vested with ~ and authority; within one's -; to confer the necessary ~ to smb; to delegate one's ~ to smb; to exceed one's ~; to exercise one ~; to exhibit one's full ~; to invest smb with full ~; to preserve one's~; to prolong the ~ of parliament.
VI. Comment on the meanings of "empower" and "empowered'' the sentences below.
1. If for some reason the head of a consulate cannot carry out his functions or if the position of the head of a consulate is temporarily vacant, the sending state may empower a consular officer of the same or another consulate in the receiving state or one of the members of the diplomatic staff of its diplomatic mission in the receiving state to act temporarily as head of the consulate. 2. A person empowered to act as temporary head of the consulate shall be entitled to perform the duties of the head of the consulate whom that person was appointed to replace.
VII. Suggest the English for:
, ; ; ; , ; , ; ; ; .
VIII. Fill in each blank with the required preposition from the text.
I. A diplomatic agent...whom a particular negotiation is entrusted... the conclusion... a treaty or convention requires a special authorization, called null power,... the head of the state whom he represents. 2. A full power Invested its recipient...power to bind his principal, provided that he acted... the limits of its authority. 3. When the representatives of the negotiating states enter... their task, the first step is the mutual submission... their full powers... verification. 4. The full powers vary greatly... form, according... the particular constitution or the settled practice... the country which issues them. 5. Differences may also exist according... the degree... importance ascribed... the treaty, or whether it is to be concluded... heads... state or,... the other hand,... governments.
IX. Translate into Russian taking note of the words and phrases in bold
As conventions are negotiated without the signing being immediately envisaged, the powers of the delegates, which are powers for negotiation only, are delivered by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. They are generally included in the letter from the ministry sending the list of the delegation and naming its president. On occasion, a special letter entrusted to the leader of Vie delegation confers the powers given. This is the case for the United Nations. Generally, a credentials commission examines the powers and makes its report to the plenary conference. Sometimes the Secretariat of the organization reports to the conference.
When negotiations are opened under the aegis of an international organization, the permanent representatives of the member states are held to posses all the powers necessary to participate in the negotiation. The delegates take part in the discussion and in voting. The final vote adopts the convention. However, as the delegates have no capacity to bind their government irrevocably; this vote is only given ad referendum.
X. Precis the following text in English in about one-third of its size.
, , - . , - .
, . , .
. :
1) , ;
2) ;
3) ;
4) , .
. .
, , , .
, , , , . , , , , .
, - ( ), . , , , adreferendum.
, . , , .
XI. Speak on the style and composition of the full powers.
APPENDICES
