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. 86




. . . . . , , ( ), . . () , ; , , . .

(. prototype theory) ( ) (), (., , ). : ( ); ( ). , , , . , ; . . . (. . .)

. (1950, 1963), () , 8 () . (, , ), , , (, 1963). . . . . . , ; , . . . . ( ); , (). , . ., (basic trust vs. mistrust): (hope), . . .

. . . , . , . ., 8 , , 28 = 256, . . . , . , . , . . . . . 8 :

1. (basic trust vs. mistrust): (hope) , (. ). , . , . , . , , , . . . . .

2. (autonomy vs. shame, doubt): (will) , (1-3 ). , , , . . . , , , , ( ). , (), , . , , , .

3. (initiative vs. guilt): (purpose) , (3-6 ). , () , , , ; , .

4. (industry vs. inferiority): (competence) , (6-12 ). , , .

5. (identity vs. role diffusion, role confusion): (fidelity) , , , , , , , , . . , . . .

6. () (intimacy vs. isolation): (love) ( ). , , . , , , , . , .

7. (generativity vs. stagnation): (care) , (). . () .

8. (ego integrity vs. despair): (wisdom) 8 , , , , , . . . , .

, 20-25 , 2 . , . . . (., Levinson, 1978, 1986; Peck, 1968; Vaillant, 1977). (. .)

. . (. . , . . , . . .). , . , , . , . 1- . , 2-3- . , (, , .). , , , .

(. self- perception theory) ( ) , . . - (D. J. Bem, 1967, 1972), , , , . . (. .)

. .

. , . .

(. theory of levels of processing) ( ), . . (F. Craik, R. Lockhart, 1972) (framework) . . . ., . , . . ; , . , . (. . .)

. . ., .

(. theory of template matching) ( ) (, ). ( ) () . , , . , . . . . . (. . .)

(1896-1965) . , . . . ,. - . . . ., , . . , (. ). . - ( , ) . . . . (. . .)

(. Thurstone theory) . (1927) , , , , . . . 2 . , , , . ., . (. . .)

(. test) , . . (, , .). , . ( ) : (. ). .

. 2 : 1) ., 2) . ( , , , ).

. . . ( . . . ) . ( . . - .), ., . , , -, . , . ; . . , ., . . . , , - .

. , ,, , . . 3 : , ; ; .

. XIX . (. ), 1- XX ., . ,. . , . . . . , 1905 . (. ). . . . , . . , , . . , . ., , . .

. , . . ., , . . , , . . , . (. . .)

. .

. .

. .

. .

(. achievement tests) , , . . . (, , .). . . . . . . . . . - (). (., ) , . . - . . . , . , . , . (. . .)

(. intelligence tests) , . . . 2 : 1) . . ( , . , );2) , , ( , . .).

, . , . . . . -, -, , , , .

, , , . . , , , . , , , , .

. . , , . , , . . . . (. . .)

(. personality tests) , - ( . . ), , , , ( .

. . (. ), (. ) (). (. . .)

(. projective tests, projective techniques) , , () , .: ( .), ( ), ( ), ( ), . . . . . (1856-1926) . . . ( , ., ) . . (., ), . , , . . . , . . . , . , , (, ), . . (. . .)

.: . (1939); ; . . (. ., ) .

(. aptitude tests) , () () .

, , 2 : ability tests aptitude tests. (., ) , () ( ; , , , ; , ). , () , . aptitude tests. GATB; , , ( ), . , , , , . , (aptitude) , (ability).(. .)

(. ability tests, aptitude tests) , , , . , (. ). :, , , . . . GATB (General Aptitude Test Battery), . , , , , . . . , . (. . .)

- (. theta rhythm) () 4-8 10-200 . (25-35 ) .-. . - , - . .-. . - . . .

(. technocratic thinking) , , , , ( . . ) . . . , . . . , , .

. . , , , , . . . , , , .

. . . . . , , , . ( ), . ( ), . ( ) . XX ., .

. . . , , . , , . . , , . , , . . . , . . . (. . .)





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