1. . , ( n = 1.33), ?
2. l = 3 . , 4.5 .
3. d = 1 , l = 3 . λ, , Δ 1.5 .
4. l1 , l2 = 1 ?
5. S1 S2 l = 0.5 d = 2 . , , L = 2 . , , , .
6. , , 4.15 .
7. l = 0.55 . d 1. , x =2.75 .
8. l = 600 . d = 1, L = 3 . .
9. ( l 1 = 0.38 l 2 = 0.76 ), D = 1.8 .
10. (l = 600 ). n = 1.6, m = 10 . .
11. d = 1.5 . 
0.4 £ l £ 0.8 , . n = 1,47.
12. , l = 75 . (l = 0.5 ) . 
, =30 k = 16 .
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13. (n 2 = 1.7) (n =1.3). dmin , (l 0 = 0.56 )? , .
14. . 
, l = 0.6 .
15. 1.2. . n =1.5, l = 750 . , .
16. 50 , . no = 1.66 ne = 1.49, , .
17. n 1 = 1.5, h n 2 = 1.5, l =0.6 . . .
18. l =589 , . R = 10 . . , r 3 = 3.65 .
19. (n 1 = 1.5) , n 2 = 1.2 ( ). d ?
20. d = 0.4 . n = 1.5. , 400 700 , ?
21. =0.1 (l =0.6 ). L , , , , h=1 .
22. , a =2 . , , , L=50 , b=80 .
23. . φ4 = 212 ¢. , .
24. (l = 0.5 ) = 1 d = 2 . b , .
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25. , (l = 600 ) 1.5 .
26. , 2 .
27. 1.2 (l = 600 ). , .
28. =0.1 l =0.5 . , . L , b = 1.
29. =6 l l. j ?
30. L l = 600 . =0.5 L D = 1 . L, .
31. R , (l 1 =578 l 2 =580 )?
32. C 20 (l 1 =589.0 l 2 =589.6 ) . L ?
33. . d = 2 . , (λ1 = 0.7 ) (λ2 = 0.41 ) .
34. D 8 . j , ? l =0.5 .
35. , l = 0.65 , d = 1 .
36. 200 1 . (l =0.6 ). ?
37. k (l =589 ), d = 2.
38. d = 2.5 . dj/dl l =589 .
39. . (l 1 =630 ) j=60. (l 2) ? N 0 ?
40. . j =36 48' . d , .
41. , , , 3 , .
42. , (n = 1.5). a =41 . : 1) ; 2) , .
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43. a 43 . a .
44. , , , . j . n1 = 1.5, n2 = 1.47.
45. a 50 . , , n = 8 . , k .
46. . dmin ?
47. , , , (n = 1.33) .
48. . , , . β=45, n = 1.5 . .
49. n , g = 30/
50. , , j. , , 8% . , , , 9% , . j.
51. (l = 589 ) . l l , no = 1.66, ne = 1.49.
52. , φ= 180. α = 0.52 /.
53. d1 = 2 , , , j =53 . d2 ,
54. , λ = 530 , . (no) (ne) , l = 344 l e = 341 .
55. λ = 530 , ne no = 0.01.
56. d = 0.86 λ = 0.59 . D n .
57. λ = 530 , ne no = 0.01.
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58. , l = 20 j = 10 . [ a ] = 1.17∙10-2 ∙2 /
59. λ = 530 , ne no = 0.01.
60. 1 =0.21 /3, , , , j 1 = 24 . 2 , j 2 = 18 .
61. = 55 a 1 = 30 . , n 1.5.
62. (n = 1.5) . j , = 30 .
63. (n = 1.5) , . j , = 60 .
64. j , ? n=1.5. .
65. , n = 97 n = 0.91.
66. 30 , 45. , 1.52 1.67.
67. , , 500 , 0=10 / c.
68. , 1.329, - 1.344. . ?
69. w . no. e w. .
70. . l =600 , I = 375 /2. , .
71. a = 0.1 -1. , 2 . .
72. L I . 3 L?
73. . a = 1.00 -1. , : ) 10.00 ; ) 4.60 ?
74. d = 4.00 : ) ; ) ? 1.52. .
75. : d 1 = 3.8 , d 2 = 9.0 . , , h 1 = 0.84 , - h 2 = 0.70. . . .
76. (l =460 ) (l =650 )?
77. . a = 1.00 -1. , : ) 5 ; ) 1.00 ?
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78. , , , , 1 = 5 2 = 10 . , 82%, 67 % .
79. d = 10 . l a 1 = 0.800 -1 a 2 = 1.200 -1 . ( ) .
80. L I . 5 L?
)
1. . . : . / . . . - 18- ., . - .: , 2010.
2. . . : . / . . . - 15- ., . - .: Academia, 2007.
3. .. . . - .: - ʰ, 2012 . - 452 . http://ibooks.ru/
4. . . : 4 .: . . / . . . - .: , 2009.
)
1. . . : . / . . . - 3- .- .: 21 : , 2003, 2005.
2. .. . . - .: , 2010 . - 448 . http://ibooks.ru/
3. . . : / . . . - : , 2009.
4. . . : . / . . , . . . - : - , 2007.
5. . . : 3 .: . . /. . , . . . - 7- ., . - .: , 2007.
6. .., .., .., .. . . - .: , 2010 . 264 . http://ibooks.ru/
7. .., .., .. . ( ). . - .: , 2010 . - 526 . http://ibooks.ru
8. - (-) . http://aup.uisi.ru/
9. .., .. : : 3 . .11. , 2007.
10. .., .., .. . . .8, . . 2007.
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1. .
2. 2.6, .1 2.
3. (yandex.ru, google.ru .).
4. -.
1
| c | 3.00108 / | |
| G | 6.6710-11 3/(2) | |
| N | 6.021023 -1 | |
| R | 8.31 /() | |
| k | 1.3810-23 / | |
| 1 ... | 1.66010-27 | |
| e | 1.6010-19 | |
| me | 9.1110-31 | |
| m | 1.6710-27 | |
| e 0 | 8.8510-12 / | |
| m 0 | 4p10-7 / | |
| h ħ | 6.6310-34 /c 1.0510-34 /c |
2
| - | - | ||||||
| - | - | ||||||
| E | 1018 | d | 10-1 | ||||
| P | 1015 | c | 10-2 | ||||
| T | 1012 | m | 10-3 | ||||
| G | 109 | m | 10-6 | ||||
| M | 106 | n | 10-9 | ||||
| k | 103 | p | 10-12 | ||||
| h | 102 | f | 10-15 | ||||
| da | 101 | a | 10-18 | ||||
| : , , , (, , , .) | |||||||
3
,
| , | ||
| () | ||
| , | ||
| , | ||
| , | ||
| ( ) | ||
4
|
| |||
| ... | 103 1.66×10-27 | ||
| 60 3600 86400 | |||
| ¢ ¢¢ | 1.7410-2 2.9110-4 4.8510-6 (p/200) | ||
| , | 10-3 3 | ||
| .. . | 1.501011 9.461015 3.081016 | ||
| 1 -1 | |||
| 104 2 | |||
| - | 1.6010-19 | ||
| - | · | ||
| : (, , ), (, , ), , , . | |||
5
| 6.37106 | |
| 5.981024 | |
| 6.95108 | |
| 1.981030 | |
| 1.74106 | |
| 7.331022 | |
| 1.491011 | |
| 3.84108 |
6
| , /3 | , /3 | ||
| 2.70 | 1.90 | ||
| 3.50 | 2,2 | ||
| 6.02 | 8,55 | ||
| 9.80 | 7,40 | ||
| (, ) | 7.88 | 21,4 | |
| 0.53 | 19,3 | ||
| 8.93 | 9,8ּ | ||
| 8.90 | 18,7 | ||
| 11.3 | 7.15 | ||
| 10.5 | 19,3 |
7
| ( 15 ) | , ×/3 | ( | , /3 |
| ( 4) | 1.00 | 0.09 | |
| 1.26 | 1.29 | ||
| 0.8 | 0.18 | ||
| 13.6 | 1,78 | ||
| (, ) | 0.9 | 1,25 | |
| 0.96 | 1.43 | ||
| 1.26 | |||
| 0.7 | |||
| 0.80 |
8
ρ
| , | , | ||
| 2,5310-8 | 9,610-7 | ||
| 2,8710-8 | 2,0810-7 | ||
| 1015 | 1,610-8 | ||
| 104 | 1,310-7 | ||
| 0,3 | 1,0110-7 | ||
| 5,510-8 | 1011 | ||
| 3,910-6 | 1016 | ||
| 9,810-8 | 410-5 | ||
| 8,710-8 | 5,910-8 | ||
| 2,210-8 | 110-6 | ||
| 510-7 | 8,710-8 | ||
| 1014 | 1,1210-6 | ||
| 4,410-8 | 1,210-7 | ||
| 4,310-7 | 1,0710-7 | ||
| 1,7210-8 | 1,7810-8 |
9
| 21,4 | 2,0 | ||
| 1,0 | 2,0 | ||
| 1,000594 | 2,2 | ||
| 81 | 7,0 | ||
| 31 | 25,1 | ||
| 7,8 | 33,5 | ||
| 2,0 | 7,0 | ||
| 5,0 | 5,0 | ||
| 2,2 | 2,6 |
10
| A, a | N, n | ||
| B, b | X, x | ||
| , g | O, o | ||
| D, d | , p | ||
| E, e | P, r | ||
| Z, V | S, s | ||
| H, h | T, t | ||
| Q, q | U, u | ||
| J, i | F, j | ||
| K, k | X, c | ||
| L, l | Y, y | ||
| M, m | W, w |
