1. He remembered (cross) the road, but he didn't remember (knock down). 2. I am still hungry in spite of (eat) four sandwiches. 3. He got into the house by (climb) through a window, without (see) by anyone. 4. He woke up at 7 a.m. in spite of (work) late. 5. He complained of (give) a very small room at the back of the hotel. 6. The little girl isn't afraid of dogs in spite of (bite) twice. 7. The baby went to sleep a few minutes after (feed). 8. The little girl never gets tired of (ask) her mother questions, but her mother often gets tired of (ask) so many questions. 9. Mary was pleasantly surprised at (choose) to fill that vacancy. 10. I always treat people politely and I insist on (treat) politely. 11. The boy was very thirsty in spite of (drink) a big cup of tea.
LESSON I
PSYCHOLOGY AS A SCIENCE OF CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE
Active vocabulary
1. add, v 1. , ; 2. . ; addition, n 1. , , 2. . ; in addition to
2. adjust, v (to smth.) ( -.); adjustment, n (to smth.) , ( -.)
3. apply, v 1. , ( -.); apply for help, a job , ; 2. , ; apply knowledge to practice ; application, n 1. , , 2. ,
4. approach, n 1. , , ; 2. ( -.); the best approach to this problem ; approach, v , ; approach smb/smth -.
5. behave, v ; behaviour, n
6. condition, n 1. , ; 2. pi. ,
7. conscious, adj 1. , , ; 2. ;consciousness, n 1. ; 2. , ; 3.
8. contribute, v , , ; contribution, n
9. deal, v (with) ( -.), (-.)
10. depend, v (on, upon) (); dependence, n ; dependent, adj
11. environment, n , ,
12. experience, () ; experience, v 1. , ; 2. ,
13. instead of, prep ,
14. phenomenon, n (pi, phenomena) ,
15. procedure, n
16. random, adj ; non-random, adj
17. survive, v , , ; survival, n ; survivor, n ,
The Nature of Science
A science is an organized body of reliable information. Such a body of knowledge does not grow as a result of speculation alone, nor does it develop from random observations. Its accumulation depends on the use of special procedures which constitute scientific method. In the early stages of a science, moreover, the importance of the procedure used far outweighs that of the information obtained.
|
|
|
Psychology, like every other science, acquired scientific status when (1) its observations became systematic rather than aimless; (2) its observations became impersonal that is to say, when psychologists honestly sought information instead of attempting to prove their own ideas by a prejudiced selection of facts, and (3) it became possible for any qualified investigator to repeat the observations of another, under essentially the same conditions, and to verify the results.
The requirements of science are most closely fulfilled when investigators use experimental methods, when instead of observing what occurs spontaneously, they change aspects of nature and note the effect of these changes on phenomena which come within the range of their inquiry.
Psychology achieved scientific status when it became experimental. As we shall see, experimental procedure in psychology was first applied to analyses of conscious experience.
Exercises
