1) may , , that, sothat, lest whatever, however .. may .
Theyaredeterminedtoachievethis aim, howeverdifficultitmayseem. , .
2) may well , .
may tobeallowed (to) tobepermitted (to).
Wewereallowedtostayuptill11 last - night. 11 .
■ 1. , may might.
1. I might as well take it with me.
2. "1 go at six". "That's far too late. You might just as well not go at all."
3. "He'll drive you out on Tuesday, so you may as well make up your mind to leave now".
4. "How did you get on?" he said. "It might have been worse, I suppose."
■ 2. .
1. This may well be his last public appearance.
2. Anyway, just to begin with, don't you think you might treat me as a moral equal?
3. They may not like everything he's doing, but they'll be ready to forgive him.
4. They were not an organized group; in numbers they might be less than thirty, but they were articulate and unconstrained.
5. These are hard words and may not be altogether fair.
6. At this point I might perhaps say that I do believe that the novel has a future, even though it has only a very shaky present.
7. sounded innocent, but, though he might not be capable of making decisions, he was entirely capable of pushing them out of sight.
8. The desert, being an unwanted place, might well be the last stand of life against unlike.
9. It appears that the total activity in the economy of the country may not have increased very much, if at all.
10. It is possible that in accordance with this plan, investments may have to be made which do not rapidly lead to a rise in the standard of living.
11. There were signs that this tour might have marked a turning point.
12. He might have fallen into the trap, but he understood the danger in time.
13. The knowledge that he had entirely lost touch with the audience may have been the cause.
14. He was an observant and suspicious man, and he might have had his suspicions sharpened by unhappiness.
15.1 may not have had a very distinguished career, but I certainly have nothing to be ashamed of.
must
must . , must ( ) , , .. must , .
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certaintime. .
must , , .
must write. must earn money. . .
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You must leave the room at once.
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Youmustcometoseemeeveryvaca- - tion. .
, must .
Youmustnotspeaktoaprisonerin - foreignlanguage, ma'am. , .
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Somekindofdecisionwillhavebeen - - takenbynow. , , (...
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tohavetobe, . tobe , , , , . , . tohave , - .
tohave/tobe + likely, unlikely, , , , , ..
to be obliged / to be bound + to seem, to appear, to prove, to find.
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She is not likely to come so late.
We were to meet at the entrance of the theatre at a quarter to eight.
Did you have to walk all the way home?
He is bound to go, and nothing can stop him.
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■ 1. .
1. I hope you must know what I mean, Edward it's very hard that in my house I may not have a word to say about domestic matters.
2. You must always be ready for a chance that may never come.
3. The hard fact must be faced that if we want a national opera and ballet company, subsidies are necessary, and on a bigger scale than at present.
4. The essence of drama is movement, but that movement must be held in check, firmly controlled.
5. Tell me how you have kept your youth. You must know some secret.
6. It is for the few to know that in the great old days of Virginia there were three punishments for high crimes death, exile to Texas, and imprisonment, in that order. And some deportees must have descendants.
7. He must have been enraged by the choice he had to make.
8. I must have crossed the river, but I couldn't see it. I never see it.
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9. The attack must have been one didn't need to be a doctor to see it graver than we had officially been told.
10.It must have been years since anyone made me that particular reproach.
11.After a review of the state of national economies in the EEC, the ministers agreed that the fight against inflation must remain the first priority of member states.
12. It must have been hard for them to agree to this resolution, but at that time there was no alternative course open to them.
13. And now I must go back to my social duties.
14. Education is indispensable for whatever career you select, and it must not be sketchy.
15. Something important must have been arriving from Europe by air, for there was a policeman passing the pavements every 20 yards along the road.
16. "Have you seen him?" Martini asked. "No, he was to have met me here the next morning."
17. I wouldn't look through the letters disappointment had to be postponed, hope kept alive as long as possible.
■ 2. , must.
1. "Well, I must be off," said Lawson.
2. "But he was more tolerable than I expected tonight, I must say," she said.
3. She rose and said, "I must be going as soon as Rome comes down."
4. He must need go there.
5. I must tell you I sympathize with her attitude.
■ 3. .
1. If you want to eat the fruit, you must learn to climb the tree.
2. As you make your bed, so you must lie on it.
3. As you brew, so you must drink.
ought
ought (to) , . to.
Childrenoughttoobeytheirparents. ( ).
, , .
Nick ought to have kept his word. . - Nowweshan'tbelievehim. .
■ 1. .
1. She ought to have known that the whole subject was too dangerous to discuss at night.
2. When their visitor disappeared, John and his mother stood without speaking till he said suddenly, "I ought to have seen him out."
3. Really, Ronald ought to have taught you better manners.
4. Yet he failed somehow in spite of the mediocrity, which ought to have insured any man a success.
5. I really ought not to have bored you at the end of a long day with those passages of my brother's diary. It was unpardonable.
6. I ought to have known this would happen.
7. He ought to have come himself. He ought to have.
8. They ought to have asked my advice.
9. You ought to say a word or two about yourself.
10. He oughtn't to mention it to anybody.
11. People ought to vote even if they don't agree with any of the candidates.
12. It's murder, and we ought to stop it.
13. It is I who ought to feel hurt at not getting his message.
14. You ought never to have married me, David. It was a great mistake.
15. I think you ought to show some respect for the dead.
shall, will
shall , 2- 3- .
The child has been very lazy, so he (), no- shall not get any sweets. .
, 2- 3- , shall .
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Shall I read it again? Shall he go there right away?
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I will go there by all means. I won't detain you any longer.
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■ 1. , shall will, , , .
1. I want to be helpful to you both, if you will let me.
2. Well, I wish it could come all over again. Tell me how I can serve you. I will do anything you say to wipe out my mistake.
3. I won't have him in my office a day longer.
4. All right! I will send the letter first thing tomorrow morning. I will do that without fail.
5. You've stopped him doing what he wanted to. I won't answer for the consequences.
6. Listen, what shall I do when I'm introduced? Ought to shake hands? Or what?
7. I shall act and I shall act promptly. If the tree is rotten, it shall be cut down and cast into flames.
8. He shall not get away with it this time. He shall pay for it, he shall!
9. The Treaty of Lausanne laid down in Article 27, that Turkey shall not intervene in the affair of Cyprus.
10. Everyone can add something to knowledge if he will make use of the opportunities richly offered by Nature.
11. You shall repent of this neglect of duty, Mr. Zummer.
12. It's no use trying to open the door, it will not open.
13. You shall do as you like now and always, my beloved child. I only wish to do as my darling pleases.
14. I am an Englishman, and I will suffer no priest to interfere in my business.
15. "Give us drink and you shall hear all about it," said Campion with his crooked grin.
■ 2. . .
1. Friends may meet, but mountains never.
2. A fool may ask more questions than a wise man can answer.
3. Who seeks blows shall perish by blows.
4. He who would search for pearls must dive below.
5. What can't be cured must be endured.
6. If we can't as we would, we must do as we can.
7. People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.
8. The beggar may sing before the thief.
9. Bad seed must produce bad corn.
10. Accidents will happen.
11. It would make even a cat laugh.
12. The cat would eat fish but would not wet her feet.
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beableto can (may) may |
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| can't | , | ? ? |
| couldn't | , | |
| must | , | |
| must mustn't to be not to | , , | |
| may not | ( ) | , |
| ought | , | |
| should | , , | , , |
| have to have got to | ( ) | , , |
| to be to | , | |
| needn't don't have to shouldn't ought not to didn't need to | , , | |
| shall | , | |
| will | , | , |
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■ 1. , .
A Telephone Call
If I didn't think about it, the telephone might ring. Sometimes it does that. If I could think of something else.
This is the last time 11 look at the clock. I will not look at it again. It's ten minutes past seven. He said he would telephone at five o'clock, "I'll call you at five, darling." He was busy, and he can't say much in the office, but he called me "darling" twice.
I know you shouldn't keep telephoning them I know they don't like it. But I hadn't talked to him in three days. And all I did was ask him how he was. He couldn't have minded that. He couldn't have thought I was bothering him. And he said he'd telephone me. He did not have to say that. I did not ask him to.
I must stop. I must think about something else. This is what I'll do. I'll put the clock in the other room. Then I can't look at it. If I do have to look at it, then I'll have to walk into the bedroom, and that will be something to do. May be before I look at it again, he'll call me. I'll be so sweet to him. If he says, he can't see me tonight, I'll say, "Why, that's all right, dear." Then he may like me again.
I think he must still like me a little. He couldn't have called me "darling" if he didn't still like me a little.
May be he isn't going to call. He may be coming straight up here without telephoning.
Something might have happened to him. May be he went home to telephone me from there, and somebody came in. He does not like to telephone me in front of people. He might even hope that I would call him up. I could do that. I could telephone him.
I won't telephone him. I'll never telephone him as long as I live!
Oh, what does pride matter when I can't stand it if I don't talk to him? This is such a little thing, I may have misunderstood him. He may have said, "Call me at five, darling." I'm almost sure that's what he said. Why can't I be natural just because I love him?
I'll count five hundred by fives. I'll do it so slowly and so fairly. If he hasn't telephoned then, I'll call him. I will.
(D. Parker)
TO BE, TO HAVE, TO DO
tobe, tohave, todo . , . : , , , .
5 . 2642
tobe
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You are to take a spoonful of this medicine after each meal. .
Responsibilities and obligations possessed by companies are to be envied. , .
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Didyouhavedinner? ?
Let's have a walk. .
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has to come here daily. .
We had to change the design of the machine to fit it to the needs of our plant. , .
We had them beaten this time. () , .
The town council has had three houses built in this district. .
We had a note handed to us. .
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todo
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| : . | I do my work honestly. . | , . |
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Do you study English or German?
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I didn't go to the University yesterday.
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Do come to this lecture. .
In fact his words did show that he was reluctant to get involved.
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Did the Foreign Secretary know that such an arrangement existed? His replies in Parliament yesterday clearly implied that he did. , ? , .
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tobe, tohave, todo
| To be | have | do |
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| My book is on the table. | I have a nice family. | I do my morning exercises |
| . | . | every day. |
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Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy. .
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| ■ 1. , tobe, tohave, todo. |
1. I'm sorry, Major, we had an agreement I was to do the questioning here.
2. Changes seem inevitable but no one can say what. But changes there must be if confidence in the board is to be restored and it is to function properly.
3. White-collar workers are to meet on May 8 to formulate their reply to the company on the following day.
4. Their initial goal is to end three years of budget deficits and inflation by the end of this year.
5. Another poor sign: once a rice exporting country, last year Madagascar had to import 170,000 tons.
6. To meet the export requirements, the domestic consumption has had to be curtailed.
7. He is not half as worried as the old age pensioners, the housewives and workers who are having to pay the increased prices.
8. All the same the state of the economy and the general trend of national politics do have some influence on the voters.
9. The UNO representative pointed out that Governments of the developing countries are unable to assure adequate food supplies and will be unable to do so in the foreseeable future.
10. I don't take much exercise now, but I did play football quite a bit when I was younger.
11. English painting takes on in the course of the time the complexity and waywardness which are rather to be termed "romantic".
12. If I had to make the choice again, I should have done the same.
13. I mean, we have to start working out some alternative and it will have to be done at once.
14. The delegation was to have left Minsk on Tuesday.
15. The arrangement was that you were to give your views and I was to say what I thought of them.
16.1 just mention it because you said I was to give you all the details I could.
17. He can never see further than the end of his nose, and I've always had to take care that he didn't trip over the obvious and hurt himself.
18. "Good God, surely I don't have to explain why I want a walk."
19. Why should I have to do everything?
20. Be this as it may, the fact remains that the inmates of the Grand Hotel were for the most part women.
■ 2. , .
Scientific Communication
For scientific research communication is essential. Science is to be characterized as "public knowledge". In other words the aim of the scientist is to create, criticize, or contribute to a rational consensus of ideas and information. If you accept this as a general notion, you will agree that the results of research become completely scientific only when they are published.
Our present system of scientific communication depends almost entirely on the "primary literature". This has three characteristics: it is fragmentary, derivative, and edited. These characteristics are quite essential.
a) A regular journal carries from one research worker to another the various discoveries, deductions, speculations and observations which are of common interest. Although the best and most famous scientific discoveries seem to open whole new windows of the mind, a typical scientific paper has never pretended to be more than another little piece in a larger jigsaw not significant in itself but as an element in a grander scheme. Primary scientific papers are not meant to be final statements of indisputable truths: each is merely a tiny tentative step forward through the jungles of ignorance.
b) Scientific papers are derivative, and very largely unoriginal because they lean heavily on previous research. The evidence for this is plain to see, in the long list of citations that must always be published with every new contribution. It is very rare to find a reputable paper that contains no references to other research. Indeed, one relies on the citations to show its place in the whole scientific structure.
c) The editing of the scientific literature is a more delicate matter. The author presents an entirely false picture of his actual procedure of discovery. All the false starts, the mistakes, the unnecessary complications, the difficulties and hesitations are hidden. All is made easy, simple and apparently inevitable. Considering all this, external censorship of scientific papers is an essential element of our system of scientific publication. We must be able to rely on the basic accuracy and honesty of what we read in other people's papers, for we are always using their results in the construction of our own researches, and simply cannot find the time to repeat all their experiments, measurements, calculations or arguments for ourselves. The communication problem would be ten times worse if there were no scrutiny by expert referees.
, , , .
, . (ActiveVoice) , , , .
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Ted washed his car.
A famous scientist made this experiment.
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() ().
(PassiveVoice) , , , .
The car was washed by Ted. .
Theexperimentwasmadebyafamous () scientist. () .
