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7. , . (Ceram 1958: 32 33).

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11. , , . . II . . . , (Sichtermann 1996: 227).

12. (Mezö 1930: 215, fig. 91 Sichtermann 1996: 240 ???).

13. (Heres 1974: Taf. 4,1; Taf. 5).

14. , V . . . (Bahn 1996: 141).

15. - ĸ ( 1994: 72 73 Duchêne 1995: 105).

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13.

1. . , (Trigger 1989: 56; Magnusson Staaf 1994: 8). , . , . .

, . , , , . , . , (Huxley 1942; South 1955; Burrow 1964; Goll 1972; Gordon 1974; Bowler 1986; 1988; Bowden 1989), .

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(5) , , . , (Bolt 1971).

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1826 . , 1830 1842 ( ) 6- " ". ( ), - , . , , , , . "" , (. positum). , ( , ) '', ' '. ( ) ( ), , .

, - ) ; ) ( ), , ) ( ). (Hermerén 1984).

, , , , , .

 

2. . (. 11, 8) . , XVII . , - (1755) (1796). , . (1788) , (1830 33) . - ( ) (1802) (1809) , 1818 22 . - . . 1859 . ( 1838 .), 1871 .

. - ( ). () 1863 1871 1872 . , . , -, , , , -, .

, 1851 52 ., - . , ( , 1858) ( ). (1864) ( survival of the fittest ), ( ). , , , . " " . . .

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- 1857 61 . 1861. - (Buckle, ) 1857 61 . , . 1861 . (Fustel de Coulange) .

, ( , ) -, . , , . :

(1860 61) (" "), (" ") (" ");

(1865 ) (" "), (" ") (" ");

70- (1869 71) (" " ), (" "), (" " " ") (" "), (" "). " " 1877 .

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(John Fergusson MacLennan, 1827 1881) , (Lewis Henry Morgan, 1818 1881) .

. , . , , . - . , .

, , 60- 70- XIX ., . . - , , ( ), , . . , , , . XVIII . , : , , . .

 

3. -. - - (Augustes Henry Lane-Fox, 1827 1900; . 1 - 2), . , . - .

1853 . , . ( , ), : , , , (), , . . . , . , , . , . .

1852 . , , , , - , (, , , ). : , , . , . 1655 , , . 1681 . , . XIX . 1812 . (Knight) , 1835 . 1836 . , 1842 . . 1846 . . . . 1849 .

, , . . , , , . 1858 . " " ("principle of continuity") .

1859 . . , , . . , " ". , : , , , , .

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- . " , , , , . " (Fox = Pitt Rivers 1891: 116). , 14 , 1874 . - ( ), .

- (. 3) . " , , " (1874).

, , , , , , , . , , . , , " ". , , , ,

" : . , , . , , " (. Daniel 1975: 172).

. " , - , - - , , , - , , - " (Fox 1868: 436). :

" . , . , , . , ( ) , . , , , , " (Fox = Pitt Rivers 1891: 115 116).

- . , , (Bradley 1983: 5 6). ( ), - "" (. ""), (Chapman 1989: 28 32). 1876 . , -.

60- , 40-, , , , , . . , . " , , , " (Fox = Pitt Rivers 1892: XII). , , .

, 1880 . ( ). -, . , - , , . , ( , ), - .

- , . , 1882 . , . -. 1883 1889 7 , , . , . " " 1887 1898 .

, -, , , . , , , , . - , , , , . , , " , - , . ". : .

1898 . :

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, . , " - . " (Evans 1956: 34).

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:

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, - , . " ", " ". , . . ( , ) . . " ; , , . , ; , " (Bahn 1996: 132).

, , , , , , ) . (Thompson 1977; Bradley 1983; Chapman 1985; 1989; Bowden 1991; 1999). , , , , -, , , (Bowden 1999: 134). , 1867 . , , . - .





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