, . , . , , (Dawkins, 1976), . - , - , (Dawkins, 1978). (Grafen, 1982).
, , , . - , , , . , , . . - , . . 24. - , .
. 6.1 , , , , , . -
91
. 6.11. . . ( Davies, Halliday, 1977. Tim Halliday.) |
, . , , . , , .
. , (Davis, Halliday, 1977) , Bufo bufo , (. 6.11) . , , , . , , , , , . , ( , ) , . , (. 6.12).
|
|
. -
92
Enallagma hageni (Fincke, 1982). , 10-20 , , . 9 30 . 13 . ( ) . , . , , . , . . .
, (Fincke) . , , . , , , , - , , , , . , , , . - , , .
, 39% . .
. 6.12. (Bufo bufo) . , . , , . . ( Davies, llallidav, 1977.) | |
. 6.13. , (Spiza americana), . ( Zimmerman, 1971.) |
93
59% , . , . , , - , , .
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|
. - , (Davies, 1978). , , , , . , , , (Assem, 1967). , , , . - , , (Black, 1971; Wootton, 1976). , (. 6.13). , - , (Partidge, 1978), . , , , . . , .
1. , .
2. .
3. , .
4. . , , , , .
5. . , .
Dawkins R. (1982). The Extended Phenotype, Freeman, New York. Krebs J.R., Davies N. B. (1981) An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.