It is not a national holiday. On that day Americans honor their fathers. Many people send their fathers a card or gift and prepare a pleasant surprise.
a) How do Americans honor their fathers?
b) When do Americans celebrate Fathers Day?
9. .
II
CIVIL ENGINEERING
1. . :
| to apply | [c!plaw] | |
| embankment | [wm!bæŋkment] | , |
| pipeline | [!pawp!lawn] | |
| effort | [!ef]t] | |
| mankind | [mæn!kawnd] | |
| B.C. before Christ | [krawst] | |
| sewer | [sjuc] | |
| conduit | [!k]ndwt / k]ndjuit] | , ; |
| beam | [bi:m] | |
| iron | [!awcn] | |
| concrete | [!k]nkri:t] | |
| reinforced | [7ri:wn!f]:st] | |
| framework | [!frewm!wc:k] | |
| curtain | [!kc:tn] | , |
| appearance | [c!pwcrcns] | |
| design | [dw!zawn] | |
| unit | [!ju:nwt] | , , |
| variety | [vc!rawctw] | |
| execution | [eksw!kju:•n] | |
| steam power shovel | [!sti:m!pauc!•žvl] | |
| convenient | [kcn!vi:njcnt] | |
| to take into consideration | [kcnswdc!rew•n] | |
| siting | [sawtwŋ] | , |
| residential areas | [!rezwden•cl] | |
| laying out | [!lew aut] |
2. , .
| technique | [tek!ni:k] | |
| pneumatic | [nju:!mætwk] | |
| ceramics | [sw!ræmwks] | |
| panel | [!pæncl] | |
| scheme | [ski:m] | |
| plastics | [plæstwks] | |
| aluminum | [ælju!mwnjcm] | |
| technology | [!tek!n]l]w] | |
| material | [mc!twcrwcl] | |
| column | [!k]lcm] | |
| origin | [!]rwwn] | |
| aqueduct | [!ækwwdckt] | |
| excavation | [ekskc!vew•cn] |
3. ,
) iz [awz]: civilization, industrialized, characterized, minimized, organization, automatized;
b ) ture [c]: architecture, structural, future, century, picture, structure, culture, manufacture.
4. :
Civil Engineering
I am a second-year student of the Bratsk State Technical University. In many countries the building industry employs a considerable proportion of the available labour force. Building industry including residential, public and industrial construction holds one of the main places in the national economy. Housing is prominent among the factors affecting the level of living.
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The term civil engineering is usually applied to such as excavation and embankment, the construction of railways canals, aqueducts, pipelines, the reclamation of lands, building construction. The history of building is as old as civilization itself.
Architecture has an origin in the primitive efforts of mankind to provide protection against bad weather and enemies in rock caves, huts and tents. Civil engineering developed with the rise of Rome in the 6-th century B.C.. Romans built sewers, conduits, aqueducts, roads and bridges.
Town building was based on camp tradition. Some towns arose out of army camps: London, Manchester, for example. Most of the buildings of old times was based upon the column and beam method of construction. The oldest building materials are: timber, brick, stone. The constructive principles did not develop till our times. Now all construction work is industrialized due to the use of modern achievements in science and technology. Steel, aluminum, iron, plastics, concrete and reinforced concrete are introduced into building.
Modern architecture is characterized by simplicity of line and designed neatness of appearance. All this requires high quality and is met by house-building plants. Most of work is done at the plant which produces prefabricated units and elements. All operations on the construction site are minimized. Due to panel housing architects now use greater variety of facing and finishing materials such as: glass, plate, ceramics, plastics, etc.
Industrialized building means prefabrication, the organization of work, programming, designing, execution. It made construction work cheaper and quicker. A great deal of machinery is used on the construction site now: lorries, different cranes, helicopters, thousands of excavators, scrappers, bulldozers, steam power shovels, pneumatic drills, hoists, etc.
A town of future should be convenient, beautiful and well-planned. Town planning takes into consideration the siting of industrial undertakings, residential areas, the laying out of highways, the organization of municipal transport. It also deals with the creation of centers and green belts, the development of public services and communications. And so the civil engineer must be able to draw together many types of engineering knowledge and many different engineering technigues.
5. .
1. What are you?
2. What place does the building industry hold in the national economy?
3. What is the term civil engineering applied to?
4. What is the origin of architecture?
5. What are the oldest building materials?
6. Where are prefabricated units and elements produced?
7. What does the term industrialized building mean?
8. Why did construction work become cheaper and quicker?
9. What machinery is used on the construction site now?
10. What should a town of the future be?
11. What types of knowledge must the civil engineer have?
6. .
1. Origin, tents, caves, architecture, to, rock, gave, and, hunts, an.
2. Was, method, our, times,the, construction, till, of, used, column, beam, and.
3. One, scheme, framework, the, skeleton, structural, today, of, is.
4. Is, construction, all, now, work, industrialized?
5. Done, most, at, plants, the, is, housebuilding, work, of.
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7. Memory test. ( ), :
1. holds one of the main places .
2. to provide protection against bad weather .
3. at the plant which produces prefabricated units and elements .
4. means prefabrication, the organization of work, programming .
5. to draw together many types of engineering knowledge .
8. :
Civil engineering is claimed to be the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man. The part played by civil engineers in pioneering work and in developing wide areas of the world has been and continues to be enormous.
Civil engineers must make use of many different branches of knowledge, including mathematics, theory of structures, hydraulics, soil mechanics, surveying, hydrology, geology and economics.
Civil engineering was not distinguished from other branches of engineering until 200 years ago. Most early engineers were engaged in the construction of fortifications and were responsible for building the roads and bridges required for the movement of troops and supplies.
9. :
1. Kinds of jobs the term civil engineering is applied to.
2. The history of building.
3. The constructive principles in old times and today.
4. Modern architecture characteristics.
5. Housebuilding plants.
6. Machinery used on a construction site now.
7. Town of the future.
8. Town planning.
9. The civil engineer.
10. XXI .
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
1. :
| lime | [!lawm] | |
| gypsum | [!wpscm] | |
| masonry | [!mewsnrw] | |
| high alumina cement | [haw!c!lju:mwnc] | |
| crushed stone | [!krž•t] | |
| mortar | [!m]:tc] | |
| aggregate | [!ælrilwt] | |
| compressive load | [kcm!preswv] | |
| concrete | [!k]nkri:t] | |
| reinforced concrete | [ri:inf]:st] | |
| availability | [c7vewlc!bwlwtw] | ; |
| durability | [7djucrc!bwlwtw] | |
| ability | [c!bwlwtw] | |
| porosity | [p]:!r]swtw] | |
| binder | [bawndc] | |
| alkali-slag | [!ælkclaw slæl] | |
| silica | [!swlwkc] |
2. , :
| to adapt | [c!dæpt] | |
| material | [mc!twcrwcl] | |
| physical | [!fwzwkl] | |
| cement | [sw!ment] | |
| chemical | [!kemwkcl] | |
| slag | [slæl] | |
| method | [!me›cd] | |
| technology | [tek!n]lcw] | |
| test | [!test] |
3. :
Building Technology
I am a second year student of the Bratsk State Technical University. Building holds one of the main places in the economy of any country.
A great variety of materials are used by builders now. They should meet several requirements, such as availability, cost, physical properties of materials and others. The most commonly used materials are: steel, concrete, stone, wood and brick. They differ in hardness, durability and fire resistance. Wood, stone and bricks are the oldest building materials. They have mechanical strength, compactness, porosity, sound and heat insulation.
Concrete made with natural hydraulic binders was used in antiquity by the Romans. Then the art of making concrete has been forgotten and the revival came much later. Lime, gypsum and cement are the 3 materials most widely used for the purpose of binding together masonry units, such as stone, brick and as constituents of wall plaster. Cement is the most important component of concrete. To undergo high compressive loads is a specific characteristic of it. Concrete increases its strength with age, it is fireproof. Concrete can be divided into 2 classes: mass or plain concrete and reinforced concrete.
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Reinforced concrete is used in all civilized countries as one of the most important building materials. One of the essential properties of this concrete is its compressive strength.
Builders produce 2 types of new building materials: alkali-slag concrete and silica concrete. Silica concrete is widely used in aviation and in under water constructions. Another important class of cement is high alumina cement. It is very resistant to chemical attack.
Nowadays, much attention is paid to the light-weight concretes composed of light aggregates. They are called cellular concretes made by using materials which foam or form gas during the mixing of the concrete. The reduction in weight increases its ability to keep heat.
To become good specialists students study the existing materials and building methods. The person entering this profession must have a scientific attitude, imagination, initiative and good judgement obtained by experience and serious work.
4. :
selection
designer
considerable
mixture
resistant
production
measuring
5. :
A. The choice of materials for any work of construction.
B. The properties of high alumina cement.
C. The composition of concrete.
1. Another important class of cement is high alumina cement. 2. Such a material may be considered as an artificial conglomerate of crushed stone or gravel with a mortar. 3. The civil engineer must consider many factors when selecting the materials for construction. 4. This kind of cement is very resistant to chemical attack. 5. The principal object in proportioning concrete is the production of a durable material of adequate strength and watertightness (). 6. The factors that condition the selection of materials for construction include availability, cost and physical properties. 7. This material has an extremely high rate of strength increase. 8. Timber, steel and concrete vary over considerable ranges in the properties desired by the engineer and the latter should take them into consideration in selecting the materials. 9. The most accurate method of measuring proportions for concrete is to weigh the required quantities of each material.
6. :
1. ( ) of concrete is its property to be formed into large and strong monolithic units.
2. Concrete is made by mixing cement, sand, gravel, and water ( ).
3. The characteristics of concrete depend on ( ).
4. ( , ) in the construction of aqueducts and bridges.
5. ( ) concrete was made of clay and later of gypsum and lime.
7. :
significant -
comparatively
recently
owing to
in respect to
Text
One of the most significan t facts about both industry and building has been research on synthetics and plastics. Plastics have appeared comparatively recently but, owing to their valuable and diverse properties, have found a wide application in many industrial fields (machine- building, aviation, textile industry, etc.).
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In respect to physical and mechanical properties at a normal temperature of 20C all plastics are divided into rigid, semi-rigid, soft and plastic. In respect to the number of constituents plastics may be classified as simple and complex.
Plastics consisting of one polymer are referred to as simple. Thus organic glass (plexiglass) consists of one synthetic resin. But in the building field we usually deal with complex plastics, e.g. plastics consisting of a polymer and other components.
8. :
1. 1. reinforced concrete elements
2. ⠠ 2. fine aggregate
3. 3. properties of the materials
4. 堠 4. high rate of strength
5. 5. depending on application
6. 6. are utilized
7. 7. wide application
8. 𠠠 8. mortar
9. 9. building material
10. 堠 10. compressive strength
9. :
1. Why concrete is the most important building material?
2. What are the main components used for making concrete?
3. What new classes of cement are there?
4. What are the oldest building materials?
5. What are their properties?
6. What are the cellular concretes?
7. What do you study at the University?
10. .
ECONOMY MY FIELD OF STUDY
1. , , .
Administrate administrator administration
Allocate allocated allocation allocative
Defend defended defensive defence
Economy economic(al) economist economics
Limit limited unlimited limitation
Specialize - specialized specialist
2. , :
| a) to allocate | [!ælckewt] | , |
| to buy | [baw] | |
| to comprise | [kcm!prawz] | , .. |
| to choose | [!u:z] | |
| to deal (with) | [!dw:l] | () |
| to decide (on, about) | [disawd] | (-) |
| to defend | [difcnd] | |
| to distinguish | [dis!twnlww•] | , |
| to export | [wks!p]:t] | |
| to forecast | [fc:ka:st] | , , |
| to import | [wm!p]:t] | |
| to pay | [pew] | |
| to play a part | [pleic!pa:t] | |
| to predict | [pri!dwkt] | |
| to produce | [prc!dju:s] | , |
| to provide | [prc!wawd] | , |
| to satisfy | [!sætisfaw] | |
| to serve | [sc:v] | , |
| to shape | [•eip] | |
| b) authorities | []:!›]rwtwz] | , - |
| government | [!lžvnment] | |
| administration of justices | [cdmwnws!trew•(c)n cf!žstiswz] | ( ) |
| firefighting services | [!fawc!fawtwŋ!scvisiz] | () |
| national defence | [!næ•ncl difcns] | |
| business environment | [bizncs in!vawrcment] | |
| customs duties | [!kžstcmz!djutwz] | |
| congestion | [kcn!es(c)n] | |
| economists | [w!k]ncmists] | |
| labour economist | [!lewbc 7w!k]ncmist] | |
| energy economist | [!encw 7w!k]ncmist] | |
| international economist | [wntc!næ•ncl 7w!k]ncmist] | |
| monetary economist | [!mžnwtcrw 7w!k]ncmist] | |
| matter (s) | [!mætc(z)] | |
| monetary | [!mžnitcrw!fl]uz] | |
| social security benefits | [sou•(c)l sikjucrwtw !benefits] | |
| ) in this connection | [wn ðwz kc!nek•(c)n] | |
| as well as | [æz!welcz] | |
| as viewed by | [7æz!vjucd baw] | |
| of great significance | [cv!lrewt swlnwfwkcns] |
|
|
|
3. , .
To make decisions on (about) prices; what to produce; to be difficult to predict; to play a prominent part; to shape the business environment; to allocate scarce resources; to satisfy unlimited wants.
4. .
My field of study is economics. It comprises millions of people and thousands of firms as well as the government and local authorities. All make decisions about prices and wages, what to buy, sell, produce, export, import and many other matters. All these organizations and the decisions they take play a prominent part in shaping the business environment not only in the country, over the globe but in any place one lives in. The complete economy involves many millions of economic aspects. The economists deal with forecasting future economic trends, economic information, monetary flows, employment, tax and social security benefits, investments, savings and customs duty.
The segment of economic life in which they are interested distinguishes the economists. There are labour economists, energy economists, monetary economists, and international economists. They have to decide the problems of the labour market as viewed by firms, workers, and society as a whole. The economic specialists deal with city problems: land use, transport, congestion, housing.
The economy is surely to be complicated and difficult to predict and to control, but is of great significance. And my aim is to become a good qualified specialist able to solve a certain range of problems associated both with our proper life and global economical environment.
5. , :
(), , , , , , , , , , .
6. .
1. What is the field of your study?
2. What do the economists make decisions about?
3. What organizations play an imporbont part in shaping the business environment?
4. What do the economists deal with?
5. What economys branches do they work in?
6. What problems is the specialist able to solve?
7. , .
1. , , , , ..
2. ().
3. .
4. , .
5. , , .
6. , .
8. Economy- my field of study .
9. , - .
Common Market
In 2002 the European Common market (EC) has 45 years of history behind it. The organization established by six countries (France, Spain, Holland, West Germany, Belgium and Italy) has grown to 15 member states. Few countries would like to join the Common Market.
It is the a fact of modern life that some trade, economic, social, technological projects would not be possible without international cooperation.
In the EC countries there are no trade barriers. The capitals and goods flow freely.
10. , :
| EC member state | Capital | Language | Currency |
| 1. Belgium | Brussels | French, Flemish | franc |
| 2 | |||
| 3 | |||
| 4 | |||
| 5 | |||
| 6 | |||
| 7 | |||
| 8 | |||
| 9 | |||
| 10 | |||
| 11 | |||
| 12 | |||
| 13 | |||
| 14 | |||
| 15 |
? ?
PROFESSION OF AN ECONOMIST
1. :
| future | [!fju:c] | |
| thorough | [!›žrc] | |
| theory | [!›wcrw] | |
| various | [!vecrwcs] | |
| long-run | [!l]ŋ!ržn] | |
| surface | [!sc:fws] | |
| diversified | [daw!vc:swfawd] | |
| desire | [dw!zawc] | |
| to graduate from | [!lrædjuewt] | () |
| to belong to | [bwl]ŋ] | , |
| to involve | [wn!v]lv] | |
| to look for | [lukf]:] | |
| to employ | [wm!pl]w] | , |
| to manage | [mænw] | , |
| invoice | [!wnv]ws] | , , |
| the Stock Exchange | [st]k wks!ewn] | |
| contribution | [k]ntribju:•cn] |
2. .
Im a second-year student of the Bratsk State Technical University. I belong to the Engineering Economics Faculty. In the near future Il1 shall graduate from the University and become a professional economist. Im sure that the profession of an economist is one of the most important nowadays in view of the situation in our country.
What makes a good economist? Whatever he does, an economist should have thorough training in economic theory, mathematics, and our University offers such training. At the University we are taught various general and special subjects, such as Macroeconomics, Microeconomics, Management, Accounting, Marketing, Advertising, Money and Banking, Economic Theory, Econometrics, Statistics, Computer Science, Philosophy, Business Ethics, Foreign Languages and so on.
An economist needs some knowledge of the world outside his own country because both business and government are deeply involved in the world economy. Some knowledge of political and economic history will help him to expect changes and always look for basic long-run forces under the surface of things.
The profession of an economist is quite diversified. The graduates of our Faculty work at educational institutions, various research centres and laboratories, in industry, business, banks, etc. You may continue your studies at the Post-graduate Courses if you have a desire and abilities to become a scientist or a professor.
Being employed in industry and business, our graduates work as managers. Some of us work as accountants.
An accountant is one of the most prestigious and widely required profession of an economist in any society. You shouldnt mix an accountant and with a book-keeper. While a book-keeper is mostly involved in calculations, like balance sheets, income statements, invoices, an accountant is responsible for designing the financial policy of a company.
Some of us work at banks at the Stock Exchange as brokers, others work for the government or are employed by various agencies and by military services.
Knowing the economic laws of the development of society, economists can solve many problems facing our country and I hope Ill manage to make my contribution to this process.
3. :
| macroeconomics | [mækr](u)w:kcn]mwks] |
| marketing | [!ma:kwtwŋ] |
| economy | [w!:k]:ncmw] |
| statistics | [stc!twstwks] |
| ethics | [!e›wks] |
4. : ) ; ) .
)
,
,
)
1. , .
2. .
3. , .
5. ( ), :
the world outside his own country
always look for
research centres
accountant and book-keeper
the Stock Exchange
6. . , . .
1. I am ___________ of Bratsk State ___________ University.
2. In the near future _____________ and become ____________.
3. At the University we are taught various ___________ and _________ subjects, such as ___________, ____________
4. Some of us work as __________.
5. While a book-keeper is mostly involved in ____________, like _______, ___________, __________, an accountant is responsible for _________ of the company.
7. , . .
1. Why is the profession of an economist one of the most important nowadays in our country?
2. What makes a good economist?
3. In what way do accountants differ from book-keepers?
4. How can you continue your studies after graduating from the University?
5. What does the profession of an economist contribute to?
8. .
9. .
)
1. What are the general types of business?
2. What business is better and why?
As we know there are two general types of business: small business on the one hand and big business on the other. Many people think that small business is more interesting than big business. At the same time they think it is more popular than the big one. Experience shows that small business is better for the people who own it and big business is better for the employees who work in it. In small business labour costs are less than in big business. So poor people can make more profit.
But in big business richer people can spend money on all types of costs and stimulate worker with higher wages.
).
1. What problems do you have to solve setting up a business?
2. What are the types of work?
To set up a new business you have to solve a number of problems. For example, supply, the price for supply, premises and so on. All this depends on the type of your work because you may work as a sole trader, a partnership or a limited company. To work as a sole trader means that you are personally responsible for the business. Partnership means a group of people (between two and twenty) working as one firm. A limited company is a company formed by two or more shareholders who put money into business and get share of the profit.
10. .
STATE AND MUNICIPAL MANAGEMENT
1. :
| management | [!mænwmcnt] | |
| manage, v | [!mænw] | |
| objective, n | [cb!ektwv] | |
| recruit, v | [rw!kru:t] | |
| maintain, v | [mewn!tewn] | |
| efficient, adj | [w!fw•nt] | , |
| efficiency, n | [w!fw•nsw] | , |
| requirement, n | [rw!kwawcmcnt] | |
| skill, n | [skwl] | |
| ability, n | [c!bwlwtw] | |
| applicant, n | [!æplwkcnt] | , |
| employee, n | [wml]w3I:] | |
| employment, n | [wm!pl]wment] | , |
| Sales Manager | [!sewlz!mænwc] | |
| Export Manager | [!eksp]:t!mænwc] | |
| Production Manager | [prc!džk•n!mænwc] | |
| General Manager | [!d¥enrcl!mænwd¥c] | |
| Staff Manager | [!stžf! mænwd¥c] |
2. . .
Position, technical, faculty, specialty, manager, management, university, fundamental, theory, economical, history, document, personal, production, candidate, company, qualification, information, effective.
3. .
We study at the Bratsk State Technical University. As for me I am a second-year student and belong to the Engineering and Economics Faculty. My future specialty is State and Municipal Management.
At the University we are given a broad fundamental knowledge of different subjects such as the theory and history of management, economical theory, document keeping, personal management and others. We are taught to manage both technical and human resources. I should say that there is a wide choice for us; we may become Sales or Export Managers, Production or General Managers, but Id like to work as a Staff Manager. This person must understand how to manage one of the businesss most important resources, people.
The main objective of the Staff Managers function is to recruit and maintain an efficient work force. The finding and keeping of good employees is not easy. The employee should be best qualified to fill the job requirements. The education, experience and personality of each candidate must be carefully considered. Before selecting an employee, the following points need to be considered:
a description of the job;
a source of applicants;
a basis for selecting the best candidate;
a training program for the individual after hiring.
Position description has two parts. The first is a job description, which includes the main tasks and responsibilities of the position. The second part is called the job specification. This part defines the education, work experience, skills, and abilities the individual must have in order to perform the job effectively.
Sources of employees. It is better to seek out applicants for employment rather than to wait for them to come. A number of sources of possible workers are: high schools, technical and business schools, private and public employment agencies, Help Wanted advertisements, etc.
The application form. Application forms should fit the needs of the company and conform to the law. Their purpose is to furnish the Staff Manager with enough information about applicants so that a judgment as to their qualifications for a job can be made. Besides, many forms of tests are used to determine the applicants aptitudes, attitudes, skills and suitability for employment. Before deciding to hire an individual, the references, which have been provided, should be checked. References are persons who have known the applicant for some time and their information may be helpful.
Employee training includes any activity that provides information or the development of skills that improves the employees performance.
In conclusion Id like to say that the Staff Manager must be able to provide the effective management of people, ensuring good relationship between them and fostering opportunities for individual development. I like my future specialty and Ill do my best to master it.
4. , :
1. Where do you study?
2. What faculty do you belong to?
3. What is your future specialty?
4. What do you study at the University?
5. What is the main objective of the Staff Manager?
6. What factors about each candidate must be carefully considered?
7. Before selecting an employee, some points need to be considered. What are they?
8. What does the position description include?
9. What sources of employees do you know?
10. The employment interview, testing the applicant and references, which one of these three is more effective? What would you prefer if you were the Staff Manager?
11. What does employee training include?
12. What is the Staff Manager able to provide?
13. Do you like your future specialty?
5.
) :
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .
) :
: , , , , .
, .
, .
: , , .
6. .
7. -.
8. .
Employment, applicant, objectives, qualification, skills, purpose, requirement, experience, performed, training.
a. The ceremony was at the same time in 19 other countries.
b. One of the . you need in advertising is a fertile mind.
c. He had retired from regular .
d. Maths is no longer a prime for a career in accounting.
e. There was a long waiting list of . for jobs.
f. He attended evening courses on advertising making.
g. Shes had nine months ...
h. They acted with great and conviction.
i. Complete secrecy was essential to our ...
j. If this policy is reversed we shall never achieve our ...
9. :
Staff, supervise, increase, replace, hire, produce, recruit, employ, work, replace, operate.
The personnel department found itself scrambling to meet the demands of the plant .. One consequence of this scramble for new hires was that selection standards were loosened. An number of young, single and highly mobile workers was hired, many of whom quit after only a few months in the plant. The result: personnel had to find for people just . as replacements.
Any organization having stable . levels plans a stable workforce level that is, employee results in a flow of new hires that matches the flow of expected to terminate.
Unfortunately the lead-time needed for recruitment of certain trade skills was at least two weeks for local hires and so long as 3 months for .. relocating from distant areas. But personnel was expected to find and hire in less than two weeks. This became a major factor in the worsening relations between the department and personnel.
10. A Pattern of Management Action. .
