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(direct and Indirect speech)




16.1.

- . , , , , , . - . :

The teacher says, The lesson is over. - : . , , , . : The lesson is over, the teacher says.

, , . , , , . , , , :

The lesson is over, the teacher - , - , -

said, and you can go home. .

I cant go with you, Mary said. - , -

I must do my homework. . .

. . :

She said, Mike has been arrested. She said that Mike had been arrested.
: . , .

, . , to say , . to say , , . to say to:

Im fond of my dog, the girl - , - said to her mother. .

The girl said to her mother that - , she was fond of her dog. .

to say, , , to say to tell , . to tell, to say, :

He said to me, I have seen you - : - .

somewhere.

He told me that he had seen - , - .

me somewhere.

-, that to say, to tell, to write, to answer, to reply, to know, to think, to ask . to write, to answer, to reply :

Tom says he is going to study - , French. .

She replied that she knew - , nothing about it. .

In her last letter she wrote that -

she had successfully passed all , her exams. .

I didnt know she had left. - , .

16.2.

:

4. , , , . .

5. , ( , ).

2. that . that to say, to know, to think. -, (, to reply -, to state - , to remark - ..) that . , , , - .

2. , - ( ) . - , , , :

Im very sorry. He says (that) he is very sorry.
Jane: Ill be ready in a moment. Jane says that shell be ready in a moment.

( - Past Indefinite), - , - :

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Past Indefinite Past Perfect
Future Indefinite Future Indefinite in the Past

( - ). .

, to answer , , :

He said ( that) he would go back by - , the seven oclock train. .

Dave said, Dan, I want to talk to you. - : , . Dave told Dan that he wanted to talk to him. - , .
Cora whispered, They are looking at you. - : . Cora whispered that they were looking at him. - , .
She said, I have been working at this plant for 20 years. - : 20 . She said (that) she had been working at this plant for 20 years. - , 20 .
A stranger said, I shall make a note of it. - : . A stranger said (that) he wouldmake a note of it. - , .
He said, She disappeared in a con-centration camp. - : . He said that she had disappeared in a concentration camp. - , .
Tom said, He was given a new position. - : . Tom said that he had been given a new position. - , .

, (.. ) :

1) Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous Future in the Past:

We had finished our work by 5 oclock yesterday. - 5 . They said they had finished their work by 5 oclock yesterday. - , 5 .

2) . , to be:

Peter: I was at the conference of inventors in 1995. - : 1995 . Peter said that he was at the conference of inventors in 1995. - , 1995 .
He said, I was born in 1950. - : 1950 . He said (that) he was born in 1950. - , 1950 .

3) , .

, :

now - then -
today - that day -
tomorrow - the next day -
the day after tomorrow - in two days time - ; two days later -
yesterday - the day before the previous day
the day before yesterday - two days before - ; two days earlier -
ago - before -

 

next year - the next year the following year
here - there -
this - that -
these - those -

, , , :

I said, I shall behere tomorrow. - : . I said that I should bethere the next day. - , .

here tomorrow there the next day , .

I said, I shall be here tomorrow. - : . I said that I should be here tomorrow. - , .

here - tomorrow , .

16.3.

, . , : , , , .. .

: 1) , ; 2) , . to ask .

whether if, whether. . whether if :

He said Have you read the morning papers? - : ? He asked me whether (if) I had read the morning papers. - , .
I asked, Do you understand now? - : ? I asked him if he understood now. - , () .

, . . that:

Do you speak English? - -?

Yes, I do. No, I dont.
I answered that I did. , . I answered that I didnt. , .

Have you received a let-ter from home? - - ?

Yes, I have. No, I havent.
I answered that I had. , . I answered that I hadnt. , .

Will he take part in the chess tournament? - - ?

Yes, he will. No, he wont.
I answered that he would. - , () . I answered that he wouldnt. - , () .

Are you very tired?

?

Yes, I am. No, I am not.
I answered that I was. , . I answered that I wasnt. , .

:

He answered in the affirmative. . He answered in the negative. .

, . :

Michael said, Why dotheywant to wear the uniform? - : ? Michael asked why they wanted to wear the uniform. - , .
He asked, When did yousee him? - : ? He asked when Ihad seen him. - , .
He asked, How will hefind it out? - : ? He asked how hewould find it out. - , .
He asked me, Whohas come? - : ? He asked me whohad come. - , .


16.4.

(, , ) , (to ask, to beg, to request, to implore), , , (to tell, to order, to compel). , , .

. not. :

She said, Open the window, please. - : , , . She asked me to open the window. - .
She said, Dont open the window, please. - : , , . She asked me not to open the window. - .
He said, Stop the car. - : . He told me to stop the car. - .
He said, Dont bang the door. - : . He told me not to bang the door. - .
The commander said to the sentry, Take the prisoner away. - : . The commander ordered the sentry to take the prisoner away. - .

, (.. to ask, to order ..), , , , . :

The commander said, Take the prisoner away. - : . The commander ordered the prisoner to be taken away. - ( ).

17. (PUNCTUATION)

17.1.

. , , .

. , , . , . , , . , . , , .. .

, . , (: , ) , .

(, a tape-recorder ), , , , .

: ; , , ; , , ..

. . . ..

- , .. . , , .. , .

, , .


17.2. (Full Stop/ Period/ Point)

:

1) :

The lesson is over. - .

When it gets dark, well enter - , .

the house.

2) :

Co. = Company -

Dpt./Dept. = Department - ,

M.A. = Master of Arts -

P.M. = Prime Minister - -

S.W. = South-West - -

p.m. = post meridiem -

a.m. = ante meridiem -

etc. = et cetera -

oz. = onza - ,

, (H.E. Eliot) (Feb. = February). . , , , : Dr (Doctor), Mr (Mister), Mrs (Mistress), Chas (Charles), Thos (Thomas), Wm (William). : the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), the USA (the United States of America) ..

3) . . , , point [pכint]. nought [nכ:t] ( . 4.2.)

:

1) ; , , ..:

War and Peace -

2) ₤, $, %, .. : ₤ 10 5s. 6d. ( ₤10);

3) : 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th .;

4) - : 0 (); Cl (); Amp (); cm (); mm () ..;

5) : per cent (); at par ( ); MS (); MSS

().

17.3. (The Exclamation Mark)

, : , , , .

, :

Help! Throw me a rope! - ! !

How nice! - !

Oh! ( : O); Aw! - ()! ()!

, :

Stop! w eve left the light out! - ! !

, . :

Dear John, !

Ive just received your letter.

17.4. (The Question Mark)

, :

Who told you about it? - ?

, , :

He asked where his pen was. - , .

, , , :

Do you know when hell come? - , ?

17.5. (Dots)

, :

Winter drew to its close; and - , still they had no news. .

Spring was late; the weather - ;

was cold and wet even in late

May...

, , , ..:

₤ s. d.

Repair of garden wall8 4 3 . . .

8 4 3

17.6. (The Comma)

.

:

1) . , , , and :

There are a lot of theatres, museums, - , - and libraries in London. .

2) , , , :

Washington, the capital of the USA, - , , -

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~

is a very large city. .

3) :

It being Sunday, the library was - , was closed. .

, , :

The trees planted by the children - , - grew very fast. , .

4) , however , ; thus - , ; in addition - , , ; for example - ; in the end, finally, at last, in the long run - , ; further - , ; on the contrary - , ; worst of all - ; in short, to cut a long story short - ; besides - ; consequently - ; on the other hand - ; luckily, fortunately - .:

However, there may be a few - , .

exceptions.

Thus, that is not the whole - ,

story. .

5) , :

Peter, wheres your notebook? - , ?

6) , Sincerely yours - ; Yours faithfully - ; Love - ..:

Sincerely yours , - ,

John Brown. .

7) :

) ( ) : 3,734; 2,720,000. , , : 3 734; 2 720 000;

) . :

5th June, 1978 5- , 1978 .

5th June 1978

, . :

We went to Japan on Saturday, - , 5- 5th June 1978. 1978 .

, , :

I opened the box, and Michael - ,

took out a cigar. .

Id like to become a doctor, but - ,

Im sick at the sight of blood. .

and or, :

The weight of his pack kept him - - bent, but he did not fall and he , didnt ease his pace. .

, :

The sky was covered with - , - clouds, a cold wind was , .

blowing, a snowstorm began.

. , .

1) , , , :

How this happened is not clear - , .

to anyone.

The trouble is that Ive lost his - ,

address. .

Ruth could not remember - , - where she had left her camera. .

, , :

Where she had left her camera, - , Ruth could not remember. .

2) , , .. :

We went to the lake, which was - ,

~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~

very stormy that day. .

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Paris, which is so atrractive in - , -

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

spring, is too hot in summer. , .

~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~

, , .. :

He did not see the letters which - ,

~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~

were lying on the table. .

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~

The day when I finish school - , ,

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

will be my seventeenth birthday. .

3) , :

If I see him, I shall tell him - , about it. .

After the lessons are over, we - , shall go home. .

, :

I shall tell him about it if I see him. - ,

him. .

We shall go home after the lessons - , are over. .

4) to say , to tell - ..:

My father said that I could go out. - ,

.

The teacher told us that the lessons - , were over. .

5) , , :

He said, Ill be back soon. - : .

, , , .

17.7. (The Semicolon)

:

1) ( ) , . , , , , , , . :

Some people work best in the - mornings; others do better in ; -

the evenings. .

His death was a great loss to -

the stage; but it was a blessed ; -

relief to his wife. .

2) , :

You may use the sports facili - - - ties on condition that your sub- , scriptions are paid regularly; , that you arrange for all neces- - sary cleaning to be carried out; ,

that you undertake to make .

good any damage.

3) , , . :

You will have full charge of the - poultry, sheep and rabbits; also , - give a hand with the milking ; - when required. , .

17.8. (The Colon)

:

1) , :

My sister finds all school sub - - - jects easy: French, history, : , maths, everything. , o -

.

, . .

2) , , , :

His refusal did not surprise - : me: I had expected it. .

3) , ;

4) , :

Please, send the following items: - , :

- birth certificate; - ;

- passport; - ;

- correct fee. - .

5) , :

In the words of Oscar Wilde: - ,

I can resist anything except , temptation. .

6) :

Punctuation: Colon - :

17.9. (The Dash)

:

1) , :

Cameras, binoculars, jewelry, - , , - perfume all sorts of expensive , goods were hidden in the - smugglers car. .

2) ( ):

My uncle Joe he was himself - -

an excellent swimmer gave a

cup for swimming to the school. .

3) :

Roger Toynbe was sitting up- - right in his leather chair dead.

.

4) , , :

Well be arriving on Monday - morning at least, I think so. , .

5) , , :

There are three things I can - , - never remember names, faces, , - and Ive forgotten the other. , .

We had a great time in Greece - -

- the kids really enjoyed it. .

17.10. (The Brackets)

:

1) , , . . :

My sister (and she is past thirty) - ( ) -

has only just got married. .

York (population 108,600) is - ( 108 600) about three times the size of ( - Canterbury (population 32,790) 32 790).

2) , . , :

My copy of Great Expectations - - costs 75p. (You can get a paper- 75 . ( - back at 50p., but the print is not 50 , very good. It is not really good . , value.) Have you seen any other .) Dickenss novels in cheap - - editions? ?

. , , , , . , :

Our highest score (20 goals to - - nil) came in our last match. (20: 0).

The abbreviation e.g. comes - e.g. from Latin exempla gratia (for - exempla gratia ( -

example). ).

, :

where for the first time I met - Mary Slim (now Mrs James ( Richards). ).

, , :

I met Mary Slim. (She is now - . (

MrsJames Richards.) .)

, , , :

The author is careless about - - his facts. Thus on page 42 we . , read: Edward Shanks was 42 : - Senior Classical master [he was Mathematics master] at the [ - Nelson School under Dr William ] - Pidgin [who spelt his name - Pigeon] in 1921 [it was in [

1923]. He left there to join the ] 1921 [ - Colonial Service 1923 ].

,

, :

Whan that Aprille with his -

shoures sote [sweet showers]

The droghte [drought] of

Marche

:

He was born in 1769 (?) in - 1769 . (?) .

Bisley.

He was born in 1769 (? 1768) - 1769 . (? 1768)

in Bisley. .

, , :

He was born in 1769 [?] in - 1769 . [? ] .

Bisley.

Pope [!], the author of Elegy - [!], , Written in a Country Church-

yard

Pope [Gray!], the author of - [!], , - Elegy Written in a Country

Churchyard

17.11. (The Quotation Marks)

: . (inverted commas). , . , - .

:

1) . , , :

Ratterer asked Clyde, Would - :

you recognise your uncle if you , - saw him? ?

2) , , , , .. :

I read Emma by Jane Austin - last week. .

, :

Matthew - ( )

The Book Matthew -

(The New Testament; The Old Testament).

3) , , , , ..:

The Star of India sails on -

Tuesday. .

The Crown is the best hotel - -

in town. .

The Empire State Building is the - - best-known skyscraper in .

America.

4) , :

I dont want to hear any dirty - - words coming from you. .

5) ; , :

Good heavens, thought Jane. - , - , -

What shall I do if he says , -

Hello to me? ?

17.12. (The Hyphen)

, , .

:

1) , : nap-kin; plat-form; per-fect;

2) , .. : kind-ly; kind-ness; work-er; build-ing;

3) , , : class-room; text-book; time-table; under-ground;

4) , , : but-ter; swim-mer; pat-tern; com-ment;

5) ch, sh, th, gh .;

6) , , city, pity .;

7) , , .

, . , :

1) , :

Anglo-Saxon - ;

Franco-Italian - -;

2) , - ing:

dining-room - ;

sewing-machine - ;

3) twenty-one ;

4) , : three-page - ; ten-year - ;

4) , : world-famous - ; electro-magnetic - .

, .. , , , . , . :

1) 1) , ed : blue-eyed - ; heart-broken - ;

2) , :

an out-of-work lorry driver - ;

3) ( ); :

book-case [`buk-keis] make-up [`meikΛp]

paper bag [`peip∂bæg] to make up [meik`Λp]

17.13. (The Apostrophe)

( ). :

1) :

I am = Im I have = Ive do not = dont

he is = hes I shall = Ill does not = doesnt

she is = shes you are = youre have not = havent

it is = its cannot = cant shall not = shant

2) 2) : flu = influenza flue - ;

3) , : meetin = meeting; em = them; ave = have;

4) , : 02 2002 .;

5) :

- , :

a boys book - ;

boys books - ;

a womans dress - ;

womens dresses - ;

a horses shoe - ;

horses shoes - ;

- , , :

an hours walk - ;

three years absence - ;

a moments hesitation - ;

- , , .. :

Im going to the bakers (my - ( aunts; the Smiths; Smith and ; ; Browns). ; );

6) , :

It seems an interesting idea, - , - but there are a lot of ifs. .

7) :

He writes bs instead of ds. - .

It was in the early 1960s. - .

17.14. (Capital Letters)

:

1) ;

2) : Mr George Lamb;

3) , , , , , . : North Road; High Street; Boston; Japan; Mount Everest; Lake Ontario; the Pacific Ocean;

4) , , : Monday; March; Easter;

5) , :

He is French. - .

two Frenchman - ;

a French passport - ;

Do you speak French? - -?

6) 6) : the British Museum - ; The United Nations - ;

7) I ;

8) , . :

A republic usually elects a - -

p resident. .

John Roberts, P resident of the - , , Union, addressed the assembly. .

9) , . :

A c ommittee is a group of - , - people elected or appointed -

to undertake certain duties. .

The (Executi





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