16.1.
- . , , , , , . - . :
The teacher says, The lesson is over. - : . , , , . : The lesson is over, the teacher says.
, , . , , , . , , , :
The lesson is over, the teacher - , - , -
said, and you can go home. .
I cant go with you, Mary said. - , -
I must do my homework. . .
. . :
She said, Mike has been arrested. | She said that Mike had been arrested. |
: . | , . |
, . , to say , . to say , , . to say to:
Im fond of my dog, the girl - , - said to her mother. .
The girl said to her mother that - , she was fond of her dog. .
to say, , , to say to tell , . to tell, to say, :
He said to me, I have seen you - : - .
somewhere.
He told me that he had seen - , - .
me somewhere.
-, that to say, to tell, to write, to answer, to reply, to know, to think, to ask . to write, to answer, to reply :
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Tom says he is going to study - , French. .
She replied that she knew - , nothing about it. .
In her last letter she wrote that -
she had successfully passed all , her exams. .
I didnt know she had left. - , .
16.2.
:
4. , , , . .
5. , ( , ).
2. that . that to say, to know, to think. -, (, to reply -, to state - , to remark - ..) that . , , , - .
2. , - ( ) . - , , , :
Im very sorry. | He says (that) he is very sorry. |
Jane: Ill be ready in a moment. | Jane says that shell be ready in a moment. |
( - Past Indefinite), - , - :
Present Indefinite | Past Indefinite |
Present Continuous | Past Continuous |
Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
Past Indefinite | Past Perfect |
Future Indefinite | Future Indefinite in the Past |
( - ). .
, to answer , , :
He said ( that) he would go back by - , the seven oclock train. .
Dave said, Dan, I want to talk to you. - : , . | Dave told Dan that he wanted to talk to him. - , . |
Cora whispered, They are looking at you. - : . | Cora whispered that they were looking at him. - , . |
She said, I have been working at this plant for 20 years. - : 20 . | She said (that) she had been working at this plant for 20 years. - , 20 . |
A stranger said, I shall make a note of it. - : . | A stranger said (that) he wouldmake a note of it. - , . |
He said, She disappeared in a con-centration camp. - : . | He said that she had disappeared in a concentration camp. - , . |
Tom said, He was given a new position. - : . | Tom said that he had been given a new position. - , . |
, (.. ) :
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1) Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous Future in the Past:
We had finished our work by 5 oclock yesterday. - 5 . | They said they had finished their work by 5 oclock yesterday. - , 5 . |
2) . , to be:
Peter: I was at the conference of inventors in 1995. - : 1995 . | Peter said that he was at the conference of inventors in 1995. - , 1995 . |
He said, I was born in 1950. - : 1950 . | He said (that) he was born in 1950. - , 1950 . |
3) , .
, :
now - | then - |
today - | that day - |
tomorrow - | the next day - |
the day after tomorrow - | in two days time - ; two days later - |
yesterday - | the day before the previous day |
the day before yesterday - | two days before - ; two days earlier - |
ago - | before - |
next year - | the next year the following year |
here - | there - |
this - | that - |
these - | those - |
, , , :
I said, I shall behere tomorrow. - : . | I said that I should bethere the next day. - , . |
here tomorrow there the next day , .
I said, I shall be here tomorrow. - : . | I said that I should be here tomorrow. - , . |
here - tomorrow , .
16.3.
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, . , : , , , .. .
: 1) , ; 2) , . to ask .
whether if, whether. . whether if :
He said Have you read the morning papers? - : ? | He asked me whether (if) I had read the morning papers. - , . |
I asked, Do you understand now? - : ? | I asked him if he understood now. - , () . |
, . . that:
Do you speak English? - -? | Yes, I do. | No, I dont. |
I answered that I did. , . | I answered that I didnt. , . | |
Have you received a let-ter from home? - - ? | Yes, I have. | No, I havent. |
I answered that I had. , . | I answered that I hadnt. , . | |
Will he take part in the chess tournament? - - ? | Yes, he will. | No, he wont. |
I answered that he would. - , () . | I answered that he wouldnt. - , () . | |
Are you very tired? ? | Yes, I am. | No, I am not. |
I answered that I was. , . | I answered that I wasnt. , . |
:
He answered in the affirmative. . | He answered in the negative. . |
, . :
Michael said, Why dotheywant to wear the uniform? - : ? | Michael asked why they wanted to wear the uniform. - , . |
He asked, When did yousee him? - : ? | He asked when Ihad seen him. - , . |
He asked, How will hefind it out? - : ? | He asked how hewould find it out. - , . |
He asked me, Whohas come? - : ? | He asked me whohad come. - , . |
16.4.
(, , ) , (to ask, to beg, to request, to implore), , , (to tell, to order, to compel). , , .
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. not. :
She said, Open the window, please. - : , , . | She asked me to open the window. - . |
She said, Dont open the window, please. - : , , . | She asked me not to open the window. - . |
He said, Stop the car. - : . | He told me to stop the car. - . |
He said, Dont bang the door. - : . | He told me not to bang the door. - . |
The commander said to the sentry, Take the prisoner away. - : . | The commander ordered the sentry to take the prisoner away. - . |
, (.. to ask, to order ..), , , , . :
The commander said, Take the prisoner away. - : . | The commander ordered the prisoner to be taken away. - ( ). |
17. (PUNCTUATION)
17.1.
. , , .
. , , . , . , , . , . , , .. .
, . , (: , ) , .
(, a tape-recorder ), , , , .
: ; , , ; , , ..
. . . ..
- , .. . , , .. , .
, , .
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17.2. (Full Stop/ Period/ Point)
:
1) :
The lesson is over. - .
When it gets dark, well enter - , .
the house.
2) :
Co. = Company -
Dpt./Dept. = Department - ,
M.A. = Master of Arts -
P.M. = Prime Minister - -
S.W. = South-West - -
p.m. = post meridiem -
a.m. = ante meridiem -
etc. = et cetera -
oz. = onza - ,
, (H.E. Eliot) (Feb. = February). . , , , : Dr (Doctor), Mr (Mister), Mrs (Mistress), Chas (Charles), Thos (Thomas), Wm (William). : the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), the USA (the United States of America) ..
3) . . , , point [pכint]. nought [nכ:t] ( . 4.2.)
:
1) ; , , ..:
War and Peace -
2) ₤, $, %, .. : ₤ 10 5s. 6d. ( ₤10);
3) : 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th .;
4) - : 0 (); Cl (); Amp (); cm (); mm () ..;
5) : per cent (); at par ( ); MS (); MSS
().
17.3. (The Exclamation Mark)
, : , , , .
, :
Help! Throw me a rope! - ! !
How nice! - !
Oh! ( : O); Aw! - ()! ()!
, :
Stop! w eve left the light out! - ! !
, . :
Dear John, !
Ive just received your letter.
17.4. (The Question Mark)
, :
Who told you about it? - ?
, , :
He asked where his pen was. - , .
, , , :
Do you know when hell come? - , ?
17.5. (Dots)
, :
Winter drew to its close; and - , still they had no news. .
Spring was late; the weather - ;
was cold and wet even in late
May...
, , , ..:
₤ s. d.
Repair of garden wall8 4 3 . . .
8 4 3
17.6. (The Comma)
.
:
1) . , , , and :
There are a lot of theatres, museums, - , - and libraries in London. .
2) , , , :
Washington, the capital of the USA, - , , -
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~
is a very large city. .
3) :
It being Sunday, the library was - , was closed. .
, , :
The trees planted by the children - , - grew very fast. , .
4) , however , ; thus - , ; in addition - , , ; for example - ; in the end, finally, at last, in the long run - , ; further - , ; on the contrary - , ; worst of all - ; in short, to cut a long story short - ; besides - ; consequently - ; on the other hand - ; luckily, fortunately - .:
However, there may be a few - , .
exceptions.
Thus, that is not the whole - ,
story. .
5) , :
Peter, wheres your notebook? - , ?
6) , Sincerely yours - ; Yours faithfully - ; Love - ..:
Sincerely yours , - ,
John Brown. .
7) :
) ( ) : 3,734; 2,720,000. , , : 3 734; 2 720 000;
) . :
5th June, 1978 5- , 1978 .
5th June 1978
, . :
We went to Japan on Saturday, - , 5- 5th June 1978. 1978 .
, , :
I opened the box, and Michael - ,
took out a cigar. .
Id like to become a doctor, but - ,
Im sick at the sight of blood. .
and or, :
The weight of his pack kept him - - bent, but he did not fall and he , didnt ease his pace. .
, :
The sky was covered with - , - clouds, a cold wind was , .
blowing, a snowstorm began.
. , .
1) , , , :
How this happened is not clear - , .
to anyone.
The trouble is that Ive lost his - ,
address. .
Ruth could not remember - , - where she had left her camera. .
, , :
Where she had left her camera, - , Ruth could not remember. .
2) , , .. :
We went to the lake, which was - ,
~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~
very stormy that day. .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Paris, which is so atrractive in - , -
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
spring, is too hot in summer. , .
~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~
, , .. :
He did not see the letters which - ,
~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
were lying on the table. .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~
The day when I finish school - , ,
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
will be my seventeenth birthday. .
3) , :
If I see him, I shall tell him - , about it. .
After the lessons are over, we - , shall go home. .
, :
I shall tell him about it if I see him. - ,
him. .
We shall go home after the lessons - , are over. .
4) to say , to tell - ..:
My father said that I could go out. - ,
.
The teacher told us that the lessons - , were over. .
5) , , :
He said, Ill be back soon. - : .
, , , .
17.7. (The Semicolon)
:
1) ( ) , . , , , , , , . :
Some people work best in the - mornings; others do better in ; -
the evenings. .
His death was a great loss to -
the stage; but it was a blessed ; -
relief to his wife. .
2) , :
You may use the sports facili - - - ties on condition that your sub- , scriptions are paid regularly; , that you arrange for all neces- - sary cleaning to be carried out; ,
that you undertake to make .
good any damage.
3) , , . :
You will have full charge of the - poultry, sheep and rabbits; also , - give a hand with the milking ; - when required. , .
17.8. (The Colon)
:
1) , :
My sister finds all school sub - - - jects easy: French, history, : , maths, everything. , o -
.
, . .
2) , , , :
His refusal did not surprise - : me: I had expected it. .
3) , ;
4) , :
Please, send the following items: - , :
- birth certificate; - ;
- passport; - ;
- correct fee. - .
5) , :
In the words of Oscar Wilde: - ,
I can resist anything except , temptation. .
6) :
Punctuation: Colon - :
17.9. (The Dash)
:
1) , :
Cameras, binoculars, jewelry, - , , - perfume all sorts of expensive , goods were hidden in the - smugglers car. .
2) ( ):
My uncle Joe he was himself - -
an excellent swimmer gave a
cup for swimming to the school. .
3) :
Roger Toynbe was sitting up- - right in his leather chair dead.
.
4) , , :
Well be arriving on Monday - morning at least, I think so. , .
5) , , :
There are three things I can - , - never remember names, faces, , - and Ive forgotten the other. , .
We had a great time in Greece - -
- the kids really enjoyed it. .
17.10. (The Brackets)
:
1) , , . . :
My sister (and she is past thirty) - ( ) -
has only just got married. .
York (population 108,600) is - ( 108 600) about three times the size of ( - Canterbury (population 32,790) 32 790).
2) , . , :
My copy of Great Expectations - - costs 75p. (You can get a paper- 75 . ( - back at 50p., but the print is not 50 , very good. It is not really good . , value.) Have you seen any other .) Dickenss novels in cheap - - editions? ?
. , , , , . , :
Our highest score (20 goals to - - nil) came in our last match. (20: 0).
The abbreviation e.g. comes - e.g. from Latin exempla gratia (for - exempla gratia ( -
example). ).
, :
where for the first time I met - Mary Slim (now Mrs James ( Richards). ).
, , :
I met Mary Slim. (She is now - . (
MrsJames Richards.) .)
, , , :
The author is careless about - - his facts. Thus on page 42 we . , read: Edward Shanks was 42 : - Senior Classical master [he was Mathematics master] at the [ - Nelson School under Dr William ] - Pidgin [who spelt his name - Pigeon] in 1921 [it was in [
1923]. He left there to join the ] 1921 [ - Colonial Service 1923 ].
,
, :
Whan that Aprille with his -
shoures sote [sweet showers]
The droghte [drought] of
Marche
:
He was born in 1769 (?) in - 1769 . (?) .
Bisley.
He was born in 1769 (? 1768) - 1769 . (? 1768)
in Bisley. .
, , :
He was born in 1769 [?] in - 1769 . [? ] .
Bisley.
Pope [!], the author of Elegy - [!], , Written in a Country Church- 养
yard
Pope [Gray!], the author of - [!], , - Elegy Written in a Country 养
Churchyard
17.11. (The Quotation Marks)
: . (inverted commas). , . , - .
:
1) . , , :
Ratterer asked Clyde, Would - :
you recognise your uncle if you , - saw him? ?
2) , , , , .. :
I read Emma by Jane Austin - last week. .
, :
Matthew - ( )
The Book Matthew -
(The New Testament; The Old Testament).
3) , , , , ..:
The Star of India sails on -
Tuesday. .
The Crown is the best hotel - -
in town. .
The Empire State Building is the - - best-known skyscraper in .
America.
4) , :
I dont want to hear any dirty - - words coming from you. .
5) ; , :
Good heavens, thought Jane. - , - , -
What shall I do if he says , -
Hello to me? ?
17.12. (The Hyphen)
, , .
:
1) , : nap-kin; plat-form; per-fect;
2) , .. : kind-ly; kind-ness; work-er; build-ing;
3) , , : class-room; text-book; time-table; under-ground;
4) , , : but-ter; swim-mer; pat-tern; com-ment;
5) ch, sh, th, gh .;
6) , , city, pity .;
7) , , .
, . , :
1) , :
Anglo-Saxon - ;
Franco-Italian - -;
2) , - ing:
dining-room - ;
sewing-machine - ;
3) twenty-one ;
4) , : three-page - ; ten-year - ;
4) , : world-famous - ; electro-magnetic - .
, .. , , , . , . :
1) 1) , ed : blue-eyed - ; heart-broken - ;
2) , :
an out-of-work lorry driver - ;
3) ( ); :
book-case [`buk-keis] make-up [`meikΛp]
paper bag [`peip∂bæg] to make up [meik`Λp]
17.13. (The Apostrophe)
( ). :
1) :
I am = Im I have = Ive do not = dont
he is = hes I shall = Ill does not = doesnt
she is = shes you are = youre have not = havent
it is = its cannot = cant shall not = shant
2) 2) : flu = influenza flue - ;
3) , : meetin = meeting; em = them; ave = have;
4) , : 02 2002 .;
5) :
- , :
a boys book - ;
boys books - ;
a womans dress - ;
womens dresses - ;
a horses shoe - ;
horses shoes - ;
- , , :
an hours walk - ;
three years absence - ;
a moments hesitation - ;
- , , .. :
Im going to the bakers (my - ( aunts; the Smiths; Smith and ; ; Browns). ; );
6) , :
It seems an interesting idea, - , - but there are a lot of ifs. .
7) :
He writes bs instead of ds. - .
It was in the early 1960s. - .
17.14. (Capital Letters)
:
1) ;
2) : Mr George Lamb;
3) , , , , , . : North Road; High Street; Boston; Japan; Mount Everest; Lake Ontario; the Pacific Ocean;
4) , , : Monday; March; Easter;
5) , :
He is French. - .
two Frenchman - ;
a French passport - ;
Do you speak French? - -?
6) 6) : the British Museum - ; The United Nations - ;
7) I ;
8) , . :
A republic usually elects a - -
p resident. .
John Roberts, P resident of the - , , Union, addressed the assembly. .
9) , . :
A c ommittee is a group of - , - people elected or appointed -
to undertake certain duties. .
The (Executi