present.
who, when that , who , when - , that .
3) :
The lad you have just talked to - ,
is my sisters friend. , .
I never thought I should see - ,
you again. .
He quickly looked through the - ,
newspaper he had bought at .
the station.
, o , :
He knew that they would - , search the area where they had , .
lost him.
, :
The house where L. Tolstoy was - , . ,
born is a museum, and the , ,
surroundings in which Tolstoy spent his childhood and youth , have been restored with .
meticulous care.
14.4.
. , , .
: , , , , .
14.4.1. (Subject Clauses)
who? - ? what? - ?
, it. it .
:
1) what, who, whom, which, whose when, where, how, why; what it . :
What you dont understand is that - : -
hell never agree to this plan. .
Whats worrying me now is the - , , state of her health. .
Who saved his life remained - , unknown. .
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Why he did not come is still not - , known. .
2) that, whether, if ( that it). :
Whether hell agree is another - , question. .
Is it true that youre going away? - , ?
it is necessary, it is strange, it is important . , that, - :
It is important that the letter - ,
should be sent today. .
It is strange that he should have - , .
said that.
3) ( it):
It is a pity you couldnt come. - , .
, whether/if, . , :
When I shall come back is hard - , .
to say.
If I shall come back is hard to - , .
to say.
14.4.2. (Predicate Clauses)
( ) . . :
1) what, who, whom, which, whose:
Thats what I want to tell you. - .
2) when, where, how, why:
This is where I live. - .
Thats why I came here. - .
3) that, whether, if:
The trouble is that weve got - ,
very little time. .
The fact is that he didnt come - -, .
at all.
, , when if, - :
Thats when he will appear. - .
- to be, to get, to become, to grow . :
The talk was getting what he - , , called pointless. .
, - to seem, to appear, to look, to happen:
It seems that he was late for - , .
the train.
14.4.3. (Object Clauses)
( ) . :
1) that, if, whether:
Do you doubt that I can do it? - ,
?
Do you know if any changes - ,
have been made in your time- -
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table? ?
that , , :
I suppose (that) hell be there. - , .
2) what, who, whom, which, whose:
I dont know what you are - , .
talking about.
Ive forgotten whom I gave the - , .
book.
3) when, where, how, why:
I wonder why he hasnt come. - , .
Do you remember where he - , ?
lives?
, :
I cant understand, what you - ,
are laughing at. .
4) . , I wish. :
I wish it were summer now. - , .
I wish I hadnt gone there. - .
:
I hope you are ready now. - , .
Im glad youre with us again. - , .
should:
The family decided that the elder - ,
son should become a lawyer. .
, when if, :
I dont know when he will come. - , .
I dont know if hell be meeting you. - ,
.
14.4.4. (Attribute Clauses)
which? what? - ? , , :
1) that, who, whom, as, which, whose:
Toms brother who lives in Moscow - ,
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
is an engineer. , - .
~~~~~~~~
His words that he wasnt coming - , ,
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
upset me. .
whom, whose which, , .
2) where, when, why:
The place where we stopped to rest - , was very beautiful. ,
3) :
You can take any seat you like. - ,
~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~
.
~~~~~~~
I've done all I could. - , .
~~~~~~ ~~~~~~
This is the book I told you about. - ,
~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.
~~~~~~~
: (Descriptive Clauses) (Limiting Clauses).
14.4.4.1. (Descriptive Clauses)
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. :
Emily, who thought she knew him so - , ,
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
well, was alarmed. ,
~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.
who thought she knew him so well She thought she knew him so well . .
( ), , :
In the street I met some children, - ,
who showed me the way. .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
that ( who, which that . 3.10.).
14.4.4.2. (Limiting Clauses)
, , . .
, , , :
He picked up the package - ( ) ,
which she had dropped. .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
We know B. Shaw as the writer - . ,
who wrote many interesting
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
plays. .
~~~~ ~~~~
, .
, (.. , ) - :
Where is the letter (which) I - ,
~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
gave you to read? ?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~
, , , :
He is the man we were talking - ,
~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
about this morning. .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~
The hostel our students live in - ,
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
is situated in the park. , .
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~~~~~~~~
14.4.4.3. (Appositive Clauses)
, , (Appositive Clauses). , that, , , :
I had the impression that she was - ,
~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~
badly ill. .
~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
( )
We turned down his suggestion - - that we should take in a border. .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
( - )
The thought that she was unhappy - , ,
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
kept him awake all the night. .
( - )
idea, hope, news, thought, problem, question, feeling, chance, suggestion, impression, offer, sense .:
I have the impression that you dont - ,
~~~~~~~~~~~
trust me. .
~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The idea that can be of use made him - ,
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
happy. , .
~~~~~~
14.4.5. (Adverbial Clauses)
, , . :
If we dont go now, we shall miss the - , train. .
( miss)
The exercise was easier than I had - , expected. .
( easier)
, , , , , , .
. , , :
When the cat is away, the mice will - () , play. .
14.4.5.1. (Adverbial Clauses of Place)
where - ? ? from where -? where - , wherever - ( ), ( ). :
They stopped where the road turned - , to the river. .
He went where the doctor sent him. - ,
.
Wherever it was possible, the - , -
travellers camped for the night.
.
14.4.5.2. (Adverbial Clauses of Time)
when - ? since when - ? how long - ? till what time? till when? - ? when ; whenever - ; while - , , ; as - , , ; after - ; before - ; till, until - , ; as soon as - ; as long as - ; since - ; by the time (that) - .:
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When they reached the village, - , Jane got out of the taxi and .
looked about her.
While theres life, theres hope. - , .
I wont leave until you come. - , .
, - (Present Indefinite Present Perfect). , , when, whenever, till, until, as soon as, as, after, as long as, by the time, before, directly ( ), . Present Indefinite ( Future Indefinite), Present Perfect ( Future Perfect), Present Continuous ( Future Continuous) ( Future in the Past):
Your room will be ready - , when you come back. .
My friend will help you - ,
when you reach the city. .
They move away onto the grass and - stand waiting until it has gone. , ()
.
, after when, - Past Perfect, , , , , :
The article was translated after all - the new words had been looked up in ,
the dictionary. .
, , , Past Indefinite:
After he retired to his study, she - knocked softly on the door and , - opened it. .
, before, - Past Indefinite, - Past Perfect, , , , , :
He had made many experiments - , before he published the results of
his work. .
, , , , Past Indefinite:
Michael hurried after him, but Baird - ,
was gone before he reached the club. ,
.
14.4.5.3. (Adverbial Clauses of Manner and Comparison)
how - ? ? as - ; as if, as though - , () how () ; that :
You ought to write as he does.- , .
He played so well, that every- - ,
body admired him. .
Eric sat down in the nearest - , chair as if he were collapsing .
from fatigue.
There were thousands like - , , himself whom the war would , blot out as though they had .
never been born.
as ; than - ; as as - () ... ; not so as - () ; the the :
The air is not so cold now as it - , was in the early morning. ( ) .
A man is as old as he feels and - , the woman is as old as she ,
looks. .
The book is not so interesting - ,
as you think. .
The sooner we walk, the - , sooner we get there. .
as as not so as , . as if (as though): , .
, as if (as though) (Past Subjunctive Perfect Subjunctive):
She looked as if she were angry. - ,
.
She looked as if she had been ill - ,
.
Her lips moved soundlessly, as - , though she were rehearsing. c.
14.4.5.4. (Adverbial Clauses of Cause)
why - ? because ; as - ; since - , ; for - ; now that - , ; lest () ..:
We took umbrellas because we - , were afraid it would rain. , .
Now that he is here, he can help us. - ()
, .
As it is wet, we shall stay at home. - ,
.
Since you are ill, Ill do the job - () , myself. .
14.4.5.5. (Adverbial Clauses of Purpose)
what for? ? ? for what purpose? ? so that, in order that, that , ; in case - ; lest () . - so that. so .
- may (might) should + to. May (might) , - . - should. may + , - , might + , - . - - . - - , lest, , lest ( ).
may (might) . may (might) :
Leave the door open so that the - , light may show you the way. .
Make a note of it in case you - , .
forget.
I gave him the textbook so that - ,
he might learn the lesson. .
He spoke loudly and clearly so - ,
that all could hear him. .
He speaks slowly so that (in - , order that) children may ( ) .
understand him.
She feared to utter any word - ,
lest it might jar his feelings. (.:
).
Write down all the new words -
from the text lest you should , .
forget them.
14.4.5.6. (Adverbial Clauses of Result)
, . that , so , , so that , so:
The night was so dark that I - , could hardly see the road. .
He was so embarrassed that he - , could hardly understand her. .
She sat behind me so (that) I - , could not see her expression. .
The box was blocking the way - , so (that) one couldnt pass. .
The leaves of the trees were very - dark and thick, so that no ray of , -
light came through the branches. .
It was cold and windy, so we had - ,
to put off our hike. .
14.4.5.7. (Adverbial Clauses of Concession)
in spite of what - ? , . : although, though, as - ; however - ; whoever - ; whatever - , ; whichever - ; even if, even though - ; no matter who (what, when, how ..) (, , ..) ; in spite of the fact that - . :
Whatever happens, she wont - , have it her own way. -.
Although the weather was bad, - ,
we went for a walk. .
There were few people in the - ,
streets in spite of the fact that
it was only nine oclock. .
may:
No matter where he may be, - , you must find him. .
, :
I shant mind even if he doesnt - , come. .
Ill buy the book whatever it - , costs. .
, as , , . , , as, - , :
Difficult as wasthe work, it was - , finished in time. .
, - :
I was glad of his help, slight as - ,
itwas. .
14.4.5.8. (Adverbial Clauses of Condition)
, . if , unless ; provided (that), providing (that), on condition (that) - , , ; in case (that) - ; supposing (that), suppose (that) - , , ; once - :
If we start off now, well arrive - , there by dinner time. .
He wont go there unless he is - , invited. .
You may take this book on - , condition that you dont keep it too long. .
if. :
1) , , , . - ( ) ( ) . - , , , :
If I see him tomorrow, I ll tell him - , -
about your request. .
If you meet Jack, please tell him that - , -
we need him badly. , ,
.
2) , . - Future Indefinite will ( ), Present Conditional would. Present Conditional Future Indefinite Indicative:
I d be so glad if you would come. - ,
.
Ill tell you everything if you will - , -
only listen to me. .
3) , , . - Present Subjunctive II (should + ) were + . Present Conditional, Future Indefinite Indicative Imperative Mood:
If I should come across such a book - I ll buy it at once. , .
If Ann should come, ask her to wait - , -
for me. .
4) , , , . - Past Subjunctive I. Present Conditional:
If I were you, I would accept the -
offer. .
If I had time, I d go with you. - ,
.
5) , . - Perfect Subjunctive I, Perfect Conditional:
If they hadnt helped us, we - ,
shouldnt have finished the .
work.
You d have got a higher mark - ,
if you had studied harder in .
winter.
had, should, were if , :
Hadnt they helped us, we shouldnt - , have finished the work in time.
.
Should I come across such a book, - ,
Ill buy it at once. .
- Present Subjunctive, , , . . :
If the mixture be well stirred, the - -
temperature will be 20 C. ,
20 .
, , could might The Indefinite Infinitive:
If you had our canoe, might you not - -
pass to the shore? ,
?
, , could might The Perfect Infinitive:
If there had been no such accident with - him, he might have been a failure of a , writer. ,
.
