1.1.
, , , , , , , : a book, a student, a dog, a snake, a problem, water, a tree, bread. , , , , , . , . , , .
, , : 1) (January - ; Sunday ); 2) (the English - ; the English language - ).
1.2. (The Number)
- .
(Countable Nouns) , : apple (one apple) - ( ); two, three, four apples - , , . . .
(Uncountable Nouns) - , , , , : silver, snow, air, water, sand (, , , , ), : love, friendship, light (, , ). , . , . .: sands, waters, steels (, , ). . :
- What are you having? - ?
- I shall have a Cola. - () .
- s, . [ s ]:
a week - weeks [ wi: ks ] - -
a lip lips [ lips ] - -
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[ z ]:
a bag - bags [ bægz] - -
a boy - boys [ bכiz ] - -
a sea - seas [ si:z ] - -
, s, - ss, - x, - z, - ch, - tch, - sh, es c [ iz ]:
lass - classes [ `klα:siz ] - -
bus - buses [ `bΛsiz ] - -
box - boxes [` bכksiz ] - -
dish - dishes [` diòiz ] - -
speech - speeches [` spi:tòiz ] - -
watch - watches [` wכtòiz ] - -
[iz] , - s, c, z, g:
horse - horses [` hכ:siz ] - -
place - places [ `pleisiz ] - -
prize - prizez [ `praiziz ] - -
bridge - bridges [` brid 3 iz ] - - .
y, , - es, y i:
baby - babies - -
army - armies - -
y , s, y i:
toy - toys - -
day - days - -
, - , , s:
hero - heroes - - .
- - s :
- - - oo :
radio - radios - -
kangaroo - kangaroos - -
- - :
photo(graph) - photos - () - ()
kilo(gramme) - kilos - () - ()
-
:
concerto - concertos - -
piano - pianos - -
, f - fe, - ves, [vz]:
leaf - leaves [ li:vz ] - -
wife - wives [` waivz ] - -
, - f - fe, - s:
roof - roofs - -
safe - safes - -
kerchief - kerchiefs - - .
1.3.
:
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man [ mæn ] - men [ mn ] - -
woman [` wumn ]- women [` wimin ] -
foot [ fut ] - feet [ fi:t ] -
goose [ gu:s ] - geese [ gi:s ] - -
tooth [ tu:θ ] - teeth [ ti:θ ] - -
mouse [ maus ] mice [ mais ] - -
- en:
child - children - -
ox - oxen - -
, , :
sheep - sheep - -
deer - deer - -
swine - swine - -
:
basis [ `beisis ] - basis [` beisiz ] - -
crisis [` kraisis ] - crisis [` kraisiz ] - -
thesis [ `θi:sis ] - thesis [ `θi:siz ] - -
analysis [ ∂ ` nælisis ] - analysis [ ∂ ` nælisiz ] - -
axis [ `æksis ] - axis [ `æksiz ] - -
datum[ `deit∂m ] - data [ `deit∂ ] - - phenomenon[ fi`nכmin∂n ]-phenomena[ fi`nכmin∂ ] - -
formula [ `fכ:mjul∂ ] - formulae [ `fכ:mjuli: ] - -
nucleus [ `nju:kli∂s ] - nuclei [ `nju:kliai ] -
locus [` l∂uk∂s ] - loci [ `l∂usai ] - -
radius [` reidi∂s ] - radii [` reidiai ] - -
species [ `spi:òi:z ] - species [` spi:òi:z ] -
, , : spectacles - ; pincers - ; trousers - ; shorts - , ; scissors - ; opera-glasses - .
: billiards - ; cards - ; dominoes - ; draughts ., , : goods - , ; embers - ; dregs - , ; valuables - ; troops ; clothes - ; contents - , ; whereabouts - ; surroundings - ; savings - .
, , .., , , s:
the two Marys the two -
Marys (y )
Mind your P s and Q s - P Q.
Cross your ts and dot your is. - t 堠
i.
But me no buts! - !
Oh, no, no, a thousand nos! - , , !
Mr. Copperfield objected to my - -
threes and fives being too much , 蠠
alike each other. .
, () :
mother-country - mother-countries - -
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family-name family-names - -
bookcase - bookcases - -
gas mask - gas masks - -
passer by - passers by - -
mother-in-law - mothers-in-law - ,
, :
forget-me-not - forget-me-nots - -
merry-go-round - merry-go-rounds - -
hold-all - hold-alls - -
overall - overalls - -
- ful :
handful - handfuls - -
spoonful - spoonfuls - -
: column- full columns- full - -
, man woman , man / woman men/ women, , , man/ woman :
postman - postmen - -
sportswoman - sportswomen - -
man - servant men-servants - -
woman - writer women- writers - -
, , , , : iron ; steel ; water ; air ; butter . , : steels - .
, , , , , , : advice - , ; news - , ; knowledge - , ; progress - , ; strength - , ; information - . , , ink - , cream - , money - , hair - , fruit - , - . inks, creams, fruits , , ; moneys ; a hair - hairs . .: He has some grey hairs. .
, , :
watch - watches -
clock - clocks -,
gate - gates -
sledge- sledges -
, - s, . : news - , ; a works - ; a barracks - ; : mathematics ; economics ; politics . : Politics is a dirty business. , , . :
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His phonetics are excellent. - .
h nly politics I understand are - , honest politics. , - .
, : family - , group - , dience - , , army - , crew , team - , delegation - , party - , , crowd , herd - , , flock - ., , - :
h audien was enormous. - ( )
.
he family was large. - .
The crew is ready for a take-off. - .
, , - :
The audience were enjoying the - (, ) the concert. .
My family keep a close eye on me. - ( )
.
The crew are now resting. - ( )
.
: eople - , police , cattle - :
There were few people in the street. - .
The police are looking for the murderer. - .
He found the field where the cattle were - , .
grazing.
, , , .., : kindness - ; courage - ; friendship - ; struggle - ; music - ; time - ; s ss - ; science - ; coal - ; snow . , , , : science - a science - , sciences - ; success - , a success - , , successes - .
: foliage - , leafage - . , shrubbery - , brushwood - , , linen , machinery - , , furniture - ..
, , - : five dozen apples - , three score years - . , : dozens of people - . .
, , : stone - , 6,36 (a man of 12 stone); head - , (100 head of cattle). , , + , , , :
a two-year-old child -
a fifty-dollar cheque - 50 .
1.4. (The Poss ssive Case)
: ( the Common Case), , ( the Possssive Case), ' s '. , . : Mothers bag - . , , .
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, . s . : the boy s bag - , Kate s toys - , the donkey s hoof - . , , :
[s] | [z]- - | [iz] - |
A cats tail Mikes arm | the childrens room the dogs ears the babys cradle | Georges pen the horses leg Alexs key |
, - s, - , , [iz]:
Alex [ `æliks ] Charles[` tòa:lz ] Denis [ `denis ] | Alex [` æliksiz ] lexs Charles [ `tòa:lziz ] Charless Denis [ `denisiz ] Deniss |
- s, - , , , , :
Socrates ideas
Tacitus style -
Guy Fawkes night -
Cervantes s Don Quixote
s ( ):
the Duke of Edinburgh s tailor -
Jacob the Firsts policy - I
the woman next doors husband - ,
, - s/- es, . :
boys [ bכiz ] -
boys [ bכiz ] books -
- s/- es s, , , : children s voices - .
. , :
children s toys - (?)
parents consent - (?)
the girl s story - (?)
of ( of-phrase of- ) , :
the father of the boys -
the explanation of the teacher -
the windows of the house -
the handle of the door -
, of- phrase , , , s.
:
sheep s eyes - ,
cow s milk - ( )
soldier s uniform - (
)
girls school -
, :
:
an hour s trip -
a year s absence -
today s lesson -
a mile s distance -
, , , :
Russia s population -
London s banks -
September s earliest frosts -
summer s rains -
:
Europe s future -
the island s outline -
ship, world, country, city, nature, earth, sun, moon, water, ocean :
the citys council -
the ships crew -