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(the noun ) 1




1.1.

, , , , , , , : a book, a student, a dog, a snake, a problem, water, a tree, bread. , , , , , . , . , , .

, , : 1) (January - ; Sunday ); 2) (the English - ; the English language - ).

1.2. (The Number)

- .

(Countable Nouns) , : apple (one apple) - ( ); two, three, four apples - , , . . .

(Uncountable Nouns) - , , , , : silver, snow, air, water, sand (, , , , ), : love, friendship, light (, , ). , . , . .: sands, waters, steels (, , ). . :

- What are you having? - ?

- I shall have a Cola. - () .

- s, . [ s ]:

a week - weeks [ wi: ks ] - -

a lip lips [ lips ] - -

[ z ]:

a bag - bags [ bægz] - -

a boy - boys [ bכiz ] - -

a sea - seas [ si:z ] - -

, s, - ss, - x, - z, - ch, - tch, - sh, es c [ iz ]:

lass - classes [ `klα:siz ] - -

bus - buses [ `bΛsiz ] - -

box - boxes [` bכksiz ] - -

dish - dishes [` diòiz ] - -

speech - speeches [` spi:tòiz ] - -

watch - watches [` wכtòiz ] - -

[iz] , - s, c, z, g:

horse - horses [` hכ:siz ] - -

place - places [ `pleisiz ] - -

prize - prizez [ `praiziz ] - -

bridge - bridges [` brid 3 iz ] - - .

y, , - es, y i:

baby - babies - -

army - armies - -

y , s, y i:

toy - toys - -

day - days - -

, - , , s:

hero - heroes - - .

- - s :

- - - oo :

radio - radios - -

kangaroo - kangaroos - -

- - :

photo(graph) - photos - () - ()

kilo(gramme) - kilos - () - ()

-

:

concerto - concertos - -

piano - pianos - -

, f - fe, - ves, [vz]:

leaf - leaves [ li:vz ] - -

wife - wives [` waivz ] - -

, - f - fe, - s:

roof - roofs - -

safe - safes - -

kerchief - kerchiefs - - .

1.3.

:

:

man [ mæn ] - men [ mn ] - -

woman [` wumn ]- women [` wimin ] -

foot [ fut ] - feet [ fi:t ] -

goose [ gu:s ] - geese [ gi:s ] - -

tooth [ tu:θ ] - teeth [ ti:θ ] - -

mouse [ maus ] mice [ mais ] - -

- en:

child - children - -

ox - oxen - -

, , :

sheep - sheep - -

deer - deer - -

swine - swine - -

:

basis [ `beisis ] - basis [` beisiz ] - -

crisis [` kraisis ] - crisis [` kraisiz ] - -

thesis [ `θi:sis ] - thesis [ `θi:siz ] - -

analysis [` nælisis ] - analysis [` nælisiz ] - -

axis [ `æksis ] - axis [ `æksiz ] - -

datum[ `deit∂m ] - data [ `deit∂ ] - - phenomenon[ fi`nכmin∂n ]-phenomena[ fi`nכmin∂ ] - -

formula [ `fכ:mjul∂ ] - formulae [ `fכ:mjuli: ] - -

nucleus [ `nju:kli∂s ] - nuclei [ `nju:kliai ] -

locus [` l∂uk∂s ] - loci [ `l∂usai ] - -

radius [` reidi∂s ] - radii [` reidiai ] - -

species [ `spi:òi:z ] - species [` spi:òi:z ] -

, , : spectacles - ; pincers - ; trousers - ; shorts - , ; scissors - ; opera-glasses - .

: billiards - ; cards - ; dominoes - ; draughts ., , : goods - , ; embers - ; dregs - , ; valuables - ; troops ; clothes - ; contents - , ; whereabouts - ; surroundings - ; savings - .

, , .., , , s:

the two Marys the two -

Marys (y )

Mind your P s and Q s - P Q.

Cross your ts and dot your is. - t 堠

i.

But me no buts! - !

Oh, no, no, a thousand nos! - , , !

Mr. Copperfield objected to my - -

threes and fives being too much , 蠠

alike each other. .

, () :

mother-country - mother-countries - -

family-name family-names - -

bookcase - bookcases - -

gas mask - gas masks - -

passer by - passers by - -

mother-in-law - mothers-in-law - ,

, :

forget-me-not - forget-me-nots - -

merry-go-round - merry-go-rounds - -

hold-all - hold-alls - -

overall - overalls - -

- ful :

handful - handfuls - -

spoonful - spoonfuls - -

: column- full columns- full - -

, man woman , man / woman men/ women, , , man/ woman :

postman - postmen - -

sportswoman - sportswomen - -

man - servant men-servants - -

woman - writer women- writers - -

, , , , : iron ; steel ; water ; air ; butter . , : steels - .

, , , , , , : advice - , ; news - , ; knowledge - , ; progress - , ; strength - , ; information - . , , ink - , cream - , money - , hair - , fruit - , - . inks, creams, fruits , , ; moneys ; a hair - hairs . .: He has some grey hairs. .

, , :

watch - watches -

clock - clocks -,

gate - gates -

sledge- sledges -

, - s, . : news - , ; a works - ; a barracks - ; : mathematics ; economics ; politics . : Politics is a dirty business. , , . :

His phonetics are excellent. - .

h nly politics I understand are - , honest politics. , - .

, : family - , group - , dience - , , army - , crew , team - , delegation - , party - , , crowd , herd - , , flock - ., , - :

h audien was enormous. - ( )

.

he family was large. - .

The crew is ready for a take-off. - .

, , - :

The audience were enjoying the - (, ) the concert. .

My family keep a close eye on me. - ( )

.

The crew are now resting. - ( )

.

: eople - , police , cattle - :

There were few people in the street. - .

The police are looking for the murderer. - .

He found the field where the cattle were - , .

grazing.

, , , .., : kindness - ; courage - ; friendship - ; struggle - ; music - ; time - ; s ss - ; science - ; coal - ; snow . , , , : science - a science - , sciences - ; success - , a success - , , successes - .

: foliage - , leafage - . , shrubbery - , brushwood - , , linen , machinery - , , furniture - ..

, , - : five dozen apples - , three score years - . , : dozens of people - . .

, , : stone - , 6,36 (a man of 12 stone); head - , (100 head of cattle). , , + , , , :

a two-year-old child -

a fifty-dollar cheque - 50 .

1.4. (The Poss ssive Case)

: ( the Common Case), , ( the Possssive Case), ' s '. , . : Mothers bag - . , , .

, . s . : the boy s bag - , Kate s toys - , the donkey s hoof - . , , :

[s] [z]- - [iz] -
A cats tail Mikes arm the childrens room the dogs ears the babys cradle Georges pen the horses leg Alexs key

, - s, - , , [iz]:

Alex [ `æliks ] Charles[` tòa:lz ] Denis [ `denis ] Alex [` æliksiz ] lexs Charles [ `tòa:lziz ] Charless Denis [ `denisiz ] Deniss

- s, - , , , , :

Socrates ideas

Tacitus style -

Guy Fawkes night -

Cervantes s Don Quixote

s ( ):

the Duke of Edinburgh s tailor -

Jacob the Firsts policy - I

the woman next doors husband - ,

, - s/- es, . :

boys [ bכiz ] -

boys [ bכiz ] books -

- s/- es s, , , : children s voices - .

. , :

children s toys - (?)

parents consent - (?)

the girl s story - (?)

of ( of-phrase of- ) , :

the father of the boys -

the explanation of the teacher -

the windows of the house -

the handle of the door -

, of- phrase , , , s.

:

sheep s eyes - ,

cow s milk - ( )

soldier s uniform - (

)

girls school -

, :

:

an hour s trip -

a year s absence -

today s lesson -

a mile s distance -

, , , :

Russia s population -

London s banks -

September s earliest frosts -

summer s rains -

:

Europe s future -

the island s outline -

ship, world, country, city, nature, earth, sun, moon, water, ocean :

the citys council -

the ships crew -





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