8.
(%)
:
λ = < λ > Δλ () δλ = (%).
1. .
2. ?
3. ?
4. .
5. ?
3
0.
1 (310). d Q 1 = 2 Q 2 = 4 60 . , Q 3 , . Q 3 . ?
2 (340). τ = 200 /. φ .
3 (350). . φ 1 =100 v 1 = 6 /. φ 2 , .
4 (360). S = 200 2 U = 2 . d = 2 . . W w .
5 (370). 
= 12 . I = 4 . η = 0.6. Ri .
| 6 (410). I = 50 , . , d = 10 . | 
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7 (470). m = 10 ( = 0.5 ) , β = 60˚ . Q , , .
8 (520). d = 4. 
= 0.58 . ?
9 (550). R 0,54 /(2). , , r = 0.25?
1. ( 3).
1 (301). Q 1 = 20 , Q 2 = -10 d = 5 . , r 1 = 3 r 2 = 4 . F, Q = 1 .
2 (331). Q 1 = 6 Q 2 = 3 d = 60 . , ?
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3 (341). m = 200 , Q = 40, . U = 200 υ = 10/. υ0 , .
4 (351). 1 = 5 2 = 10 U 1 = 60 U 2 = 100 . , .
5 (361). . r = 4 . I = 0.3 , U = 120 . R . ξ, , , .
| 6 (401). I = 100 , . . R = 10 . | 
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7 (461). ( = 0.1 ) n = 5 -1 l = 50 , , . U.
8 (511). N min , λ1 = 589.0 λ2 = 589.6? l , d = 5 ?
9 (541). 1 = 500 . 2 , n = 5 ?
2. ( 3).
1 (302). Q 1 = Q 2 = Q 3 = 2 = 10 . F, .
| 2 (332). , φ 300 . Q = 0.2 1 2 (). | 
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3 (342). , = 10 , . , U = 8 ?
4 (352). 1 = 10 U = 10 . , , , 2 = 20 .
5 (362). = 80 , Ri = 5 . = 100 . I , U, , R.
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| 6 (402). pm pm = 5 ×2. , r = 20 (). | 
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7 (462). = 0.5 n = 10 -1 l = 20 . . U .
8 (512). . n = 4.6 . , .
9 (542). 1 = 500. 2 , n = 5 ?
3. ( 3).
1 (303). Q 9 Q d = 100 . , , , , .
| 2 (333). Q 1 = 2 Q 2 = -2 , = 10 . , Q = 0.5 l 2 (). | 
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3 (343). Cu++ -, .
4 (353). 1 = 2 , 2 = 5 3 = 10 U = 850 . .
5 (363). , = 600 , l = 1 . = 5 . , d = 0.5 .
| 6 (403). I 2 I (I = 100 ). (). d = 10 . | 
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7 (463). , , . Q = 50 . D F , R = 10 .
8 (513). . . ( = 780 ) ?
9 (543). = 2 . λm, , () (r λ,T) max .
4. ( 3).
1 (304). . 
. . 
, ? = 1.5103 /3, = 2.2.
2 (334). , 
1 = 2 /2 2 = -0,8 /2 , d = 0.6 . U .
3 (344). = 400 ( ) R = 10 . , , Q = -10.
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4 (354). 1 = 2 2 = 5 U 1 =100 U 2 =150 . , .
5 (364). R 1 = 8 I 1 = 0.8 , R 2 = 15 I 2 = 0.5 . I .
6 (404). , , , I = 200 . . R = 10 . 2  /3.
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7 (464). m = 5 , . ( = 0.2 ) , . Q, , , , .
8 (514). , n = 600 , . . l , L = 1.2 . : . = 780 , . = 400 .
9 (544). () R , λ m = 600 .
5. ( 3).
1 (305). Q 1 = Q 2 = Q 3 = Q 4 = 2 = 10 . F, .
2 (335). = 100 = 200 /. , = 180º.
3 (345). , , v = 103 /. d = 8 . : 1) U ; 2) σ .
4 (355). = 100 . , , .
5 (365). = 24 . , , Imax = 10 . m , .
| 6 (405). R = 20 I = 100 . (). β = π/3. | 
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7 (465). R = 0.04 ( = 0.6 ). . S = 2002. Q, : 1) 0 45˚; 2) 45 90˚.
8 (515). . d 280 . 
= 65 . .
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9 (545). = 4/. , S = 8 2.
6. ( 3).
1 (306). Q 1 = 30 Q 2 = -20 d = 20 . , r 1 = 30 , r 2 = 15 .
2 (336). , φ = 10 , . φ1 ?
3 (346). m = 5 , N = 10 , U = 1 . ? v ?
4 (356). 1 = 5 2 = 8 = 80 . Q 1 Q 2 U 1 U2 .
5 (366). = 12 U = 15 . , Ri = 10 .
| 6 (406). , , I 1 I 2 = 2 I 1 (I 1 = 100 ). , d = 10 (). | 
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7 (466). D = 5 R = 0.002 ( = 0.3 ). φ = 40˚ . Q ?
8 (516). ( = 600 ). , , 
= 20. d .
9 (546). = 10 . λ m = 0.8 . S .
7. ( 3).
1 (307). = 10 Q 1 = 10 , Q 2 = 20 Q 3 = 30 . F, Q 1 .
2 (337). R = 10 . τ = 80 /. φ , h = 10 .
| 3 (347). vmin , φ = 400 (). | 
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4 (357). R = 10 . d = 2 . U = 80 . Q : ) ; ) .
5 (367). U = 800 =10 . , 10 % ?
| 6 (407). , , , I = 200 . . R = 10 . | 
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7 (467). , N = 200 , , . S = 50 2. ( = 0.05 ). max, n = 40 -1 .
8 (517). , n = 100 1 , . . , 
= 16. , .
9 (547). , (λ m 1 = 780 ) (λ m 2 = 390 )?
8. ( 3).
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1 (308). Q 1 = Q 2 = Q 3 = Q 4 = 81010 . Q , ?
2 (338). = 200 . U , r = 40 .
3 (348). = 200/ ( ) v = 2 /. l, , .
4 (358). R 1 = 5 R 2 = 10 Q 1 = 40 Q 2 = -20 . W, , .
5 (368). U = 220 I = 5 . , , , R 6 .
| 6 (408). I = 80 . , r = 10 (). = π/6.
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7 (468). l = 40 ( = 0.1 ). , . R = 0.5 . v = 10 /?
8 (518). ( = 410 ). 221. n 1 .
9 (548). ar , , , = 1.4 , 3.2 .
9. ( 3).
1 (309). d = 20 : Q 1 = -50 Q 2 = 100 . F, Q 3 = -10, , d.
2 (339). , τ = 20 /. U , r 1 = 8 r 2 = 12 .
| 3 (349). (τ = 10 /). 2 2, l 1 = 200 (). | 
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4 (359). : d 1 = 0.2 d 2 =0.3 . U = 300 . .
5 (369). U = 100 R 1 = 2 , . U 1 = 80 . , U 2 = 60 . R 2 .
| 6 (409). I = 60 . (), d = 10 . β = π/3. | 
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7 (469). 500 2 0.1 ( = 0.5 ). . , ω = 50 /.
8 (519). n = 4 , . .
9 (549). , = 1 , S = 100 2. η , , 1 .
3 , , .. (1987.).
3.
