.
, () , .
U : = + U . :
= + U = + + U + U + U0. (5.1.1)
, , , :
U = U + U. (5.1.2)
U , U = f(P,V,T). U .
U, , u = U / , , , , um = U / nm = um - . [ u ] = /, [ um ] = /. u um. u.
u , D , u u 1 u 2 :
D = u 2 u 1, (5.1.4)
:
(5.1.5)
du, , , , :
, , , .
V , v.
V 1, , . , , . , , , .
dT, , V 1 dV, dr. , F F = ×S, S , ( ) dL, :
dL = F×dr = Sdr. (5.2.1.1)
Sdr = dV, , :
dL = dV. (5.2.1.2)
1 (5.2.1.2) :
dl = dv. (5.2.1.3)
(5.2.1.1) (5.2.1.3) 1 2, , V, :
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,
L, l , , , /, ( ) , 1 2; V 2 2, 3.
, l𝛍, :
, , (V) . , . , , , U, . L, , , l, , dL, , dl, .
, L, , l, , .
() v-, v ( V), , , . , v, v- . 1 , 2 . , , v- , 1-3-2 1-4-2.
, , v-, 1-3-2-4-1, 1-3-2 , , 2-4-1 , . , , .
, S1-3-2-6-5-1 - S1-4-2-6-5-1 ( ) . , v- , .
, l . , 1-3-2, C, , l,1-3-2 S1-3-2-6-5-1, l,1-3-2 = S1-3-2-6-5-1, 1-4-2, l,1-4-2 = S1-4-2-6-5-1. , 2-3-1 2-4-1, S1-3-2-6-5-1 S1-4-2-6-5-1 .
, ( -), (1 , v1 , 1) (2 , v2 , 2). , , . ( , ).
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t , :
t = Swr = Sw / v, (5.2.2.1)
S , 2, [ w ] = /.
, . 1 1 , v 1 , 1 3 w 1. , , l , , 4, 2 w 2, 2 , v 2 , 2. , , 1 > 2 , 3 q l.
1-1 2-2 1 2 :
r 1, r 2, v 1, v 2 - , /3, , 3/, 1-1 2-2.
() 1-1 2-2 l ,1-2 , , 3
1-1 2-2, . , , 3 1-1 2-2, . 3 , . , , , () l.
1-1 1 3. 1, l. 2 2-2, , 2. , , 2-2, l, v 1 v 2.
l 1-1 l 2-2, (5.2.2.2), :
(5.2.2.3)
:
, (5.2.2.4)
F 1 1-1, ; l 1 t1 , 1-1 , t = 0, ; 1 , 1-1 t 1, .
(5.2.2.3) , 3 , , ( 1-1). 3 ( 2-2) , (5.2.2.4) .
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l l 3 ( ):
l = l + l = 2 v 2 - 1 v 1. (5.2.2.5)
l l,1-2, 1-1 2-2, . l,1-2 ( ) , :
. (5.2.2.6)
3 2 = 1.
1-1 2-2 , l,1-2 , :
(5.2.2.7)
Z 1, Z 2 - 1-1 2-2 .
, l,1-2 3. , :
.
, (5.2.1.3) dl = dv, d(v) = dv + vd, l,1-2 :
(5.2.2.8) , :
(5.2.2.10)
(5.2.2.11)
() . (5.2.2.10). , ( 1-1 2-2) , l, .
g (Z 2 - Z 1) 0. (5.2.2.10) :
(5.2.2.12)
v-l S1-3-2-8-7-1 S1-4-2-8-7-1. , ,
v- 1-3-2-4-1, 1-3-2 , l = S1-3-2-8-7-1, 2-4-1 , l = S1-4-2-8-7-1. , S1-3-2-8-7-1 -
- S1-4-2-8-7-1 .
, l l l . l l , ( ), , , . . . l , l, l l .
, l () . , , l = l = l = 0. :
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(5.2.2.10), l , v = f (P) .
, v, r, ( ), :
.(5.2.2.13)
(5.2.2.10) (5.2.2.13), :
, (5.2.2.14)
:
g = rg , /3.
(5.2.2.15) 1738 . . . , (5.2.2.10).
(5.2.2.8) 1-1 2-2 :
; d(Pv) = P 2 v 2 P 1 v 1 P 2 v 2 P 1 v 1 0.
, , (5.2.2.16) :
, (5.2.2.17) 1-1 2-2 :
, (5.2.2.8) , .