1
TCP/IP
. ;
IP - .
, , IP- , - . . , IP-.
IP-
- 0, .
, 3 .
, 1 126. ( 0 , 127 , .)
, 224, - 16 777 216 . , IP- 102.56.187.5 102 56.187.5.
- 10, ( , IP- 128 191).
16 , 2 . , IP- 154.2.91.240 154.2 91.240.
, 216, 65 536 .
- 110, ( , IP- 192 223).
24 , - 8 .
28, 256.
, .
- 1110, D , - multicast.
D, , . .
- 11110, , .
.
, , .
A | 1.0.0.0 | 126.0.0.0 | 224 | |
B | 128.0.0.0 | 191.255.0.0 | 216 | |
C | 192.0.1.0 | 223.255.255.0 | 28 | |
D | 224.0.0.0 | 239.255.255.255 | Multicast | |
E | 240.0.0.0 | 247.255.255.255 |
, ,
|
|
, - , - . ( ) , 8, 16 24 , - 24, 16 8 .
, :+
() A 1 to 126 B 128 to 191 C 192 to 223IP-
, IP-, , IP-, :
1) IP- , , ;
0 0 0 0................................... 0 0 0 0 |
ICMP.
2) , , , , .
0 0 0 0.......0 |
IP- . , 199.60.32 IP- 199.60.32.0 .
3) IP- 1, , , .
1 1 1 1.........................................1 1 |
(limited broadcast).
4) , , , . , 192.190.21.255 192.190.21.0.
1111................11 |
(broadcast).
, IP-.
, ,
, .
, , , 2.
, 8 , 256 : 0 255. 254, 0 255 .
IP-, 127.
. IP- 127.0.0.1, "". , , .
IP- IP-, 127!
loopback.
A... ( , ) 10.0.0.0 , 0. 10.0.1.0 10.255.255.255 , 1 B... ( , ) 172.17.0.0 B 172.17.0.1 172.17.255.255 C... ( , ) 192.168.3.0 C 192.168.3.42 192.168.3.255
IP C.
|
|
IP
, . - , ?
. , , "".
- 32- , , IP-. IP-, .
:
, IP- , .
IP- (, ) , . :
- , IP- , ,
- , , .
, :
- 11111111. 00000000. 00000000. 00000000 (255.0.0.0);
- 11111111. 11111111. 00000000. 00000000 (255.255.0.0);
- 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 (255.255.255.0).
, , IP- , IP .
:
185.23.44.206 255.255.255.0, , - 185.23.44.0, 185.23.0.0, .
!:
, , 8, .
: IP- 129.64.134.5 255.255.128.0 :
IP- 129.64.134.5 - 10000001. 01000000.10000110. 00000101
255.255.128.0 - 11111111.11111111.10000000. 00000000
IP "-", , , 129.64.134.5 , , 2 - 129.64.0.0, - 0.0.134.5.
, 17 , "" IP-, :
10000001. 01000000. 10000000. 00000000
- 129.64.128.0, 0.0.6.5.
IP-, .
, !
IP
, Internet, , .
|
|
, , , .
IP- InterNIC (Network Information Center), . InterNIC Internet - . IP- Internet .
:
IP- , Internet ?
, , , , Internet ( " "), IP-, , . : . .
, - Internet, IP-! Internet. , IP-, . IP-, .
IP
. , - intranet ( Internet), .
Internet !
. , , , 256.
IP- | IP- | ||
A | 10.0.0.0 | 10.255.255.255 | 16 777 216 |
B | 172.16.0.0 | 172.31.255.255 | 65 536 |
C | 192.168.0.0 | 192.168.255.255 |
Internet , , .
: - , "".