. 2.4. ( ). (). 1 , 2 |
, .
, 4 . (. . 43). . 2.6. , 2, 3 - , 1 , 4 - . .2.6.
. 2.5. (). (). 2 , 1 |
r-Ja\ ri//Ji |
- . , i , . , , -, () , *! , <[ (, , 1"1 . .), 31 . -, * , "" , , . , .
2.6. (-. (). 4 - . ' '
. 2.7. 4 , 2, 3 . , (. 2.7)
. 2.7. (). (). 4 . |
.
3
3.1.
1910 . .
AJ^X ^Y ^. (3.1)
X . X Y , X Y. Y . *
, .
|
|
, , X, Y, ,
k\xy, = kixy - k2y, |
dx ~dt dy dt
(3.2)
db, = k2V■
. .
J fco - h = ,
kixy - 2 = 0.
, = ko/(kix). , = , k2/ki. , , ; . 2/\ = fco/fcv .
= - |
* |
X = -
4 J
dx, _ fcifco- I
= -k2y----------------------:--------- x,
at 2
dy kiko _
= ------------------------------------------ x.
(3.3) |
dt k2
fc2 |
(3.4) |
(3.3) fcifco
+ A
= + ^ + ^
fcifco fc2
(3.5) |
1,2 = 7) |
4fcjfc2 |
fcpfci, / fepfci ' fc2 V fc2
: , , , ; , , . , = 0 , . . 3.1.
h
3.2.
(3.6) |
1925 . . . .
+ | kii | 2, |
X + Y | 2> | 2 , |
3) | . |
. .
~ = \ 2,
dy (3J)i
= 2 - 3. i
(3.7) (0,0) (/2,/2) .! - < . i
, (3.6) (2.3) -. . . ! , { . { . ?
, X , - [ , . (3.6) - j , , . - { , . . | , .
, -! (3.7) , j -. i
4
. , , , , , . . , . , . . .
|
|
4.1. 4.1.1.
.
1.1. .
(0,0). . { 0, 2 0) .
\ = 2 + \, 2 = \-\- 2-
1 1 -1 -1
2 - 2 + 2 = 0, ,2 = 1 .
-|; , , . S
,2\1/2' |
, - oco-jj . xlt 2. I
! = -X\X2 + xl |l - + a;|)1/,2J, 22 X1X2 + \ 1 (:? +.
Xii + 22 = (\ + xl) j^l - (\ +
\ + = R2,
(4.1) 2, \.
Xi&2 21 \+\ R.
tg = ,
XI
2%1 12
cos2 \
COS2
ju2 "f"
Xi2 £2^1
0 =
= 1.
, 1. R -1 , . - > 6 = 1. R = 1 . R < 0, . (R < 1) R > 0, - ^gjtpaeKTopHH , .
, - ^jjjf , . 4.1. ^ 1.2. , '^ .
. , . |
= ( 1)( 2),
1.
. , . 1 2. = 0. , :
> , > 2, < , 1 < < 2, > 0, < 1.
, 2 (. 4.2). , , - .
. 4.1. |
2 |
xl |
1.3. .
, .
= ( - I)2, 0 = 1.
<?. 4.2. . ,
. 1 .
|
|
■ > 0, > 1,
> 0, 0 < < 1.
Vi
, (. 4.3).
' I,
, , -. , . , -
, " . , . , , , , ' , .
. 4.3. | |
, t > +(. 4.1),, ; , t , (.4.2); : ( £ > +), ^; ( t * -) (.4.3).
4.2. , * f
- , . (, , - .
j |
. 4.4. |
. - , , , - , , , , , . - : , - , .
|1.
2.1. .
, ( ) (. 4.4). |
, - . . . . 4.5. - . > . , - .
. , ^ , ..
V
-------------------------------- ► '
|
|
. 4.5. -j
2.2. .
1 . 0" |
, . 4.6.
. 4.6. * |
hi, 2, h. ( ), , .
2.3. .
, . ( ) . , , .
4.2.2.
2.4. . ' , . 4.7. , '4& , /2. . .
/ / V / / / / |
/ | |
/ | |
/ | |
/ | |
/ | |
/ | |
/ | |
i | |
/2 |
/2 I |
QZ^ |
. 4.7.
■ 8 - , . II ' = rv + f.
, (; , ), , : / = /( v) = f(u ). , . 4.5. , , ,
f(u - £) / + fix + f2i2 + ■ (4.2)
, + (3 + )2 = 0, = fo/k , w2 /, /3 = (■ - f\)/m. . , . , . , . fi > .
. (4.2) , . .
(4.2) .
2.5. .
. 4.8 . ( , , ). , RLC . L L', , 3 .
. 4.8.
v>
rr , rdl. dl'
11 -u~IR = -LTt-Mlu>
dT dt |
d£_dU_ dU dt |
I = ~q = CU, i = -, |
= S(U)U. |
2 _ |
1/LC. |
; |
(4.3) |
S(U) -, . ^ LCU - MS{U)U + RCU + U = 0. $ . RC MS < , - , . , S | , , . , : ** SQ - S2U2 = (So - RC)/LC,
|
|
/(-AfSb),
U -(1- /2) U + wqU = 0.
(4.3) . = lqqI, = = aLVo,
- fi (1 - 2) + = 0. (4.4)
(4.4) .
/ 1 (. 4.9), - (. 4.9 ) / 1 (. 4.9 ).
. 4.10. , . , . .
, . . , , , , . .
2.6. .
1971 , .
-+, + -+Y + D, 2X + Y-> , -*.
, , , D, .
(+ 1). + 2, (4.5)
2. (4-6)
) 4.9. ) ; ) - ; ) |
)
)
X
. 4.10.
, .
(4.7) (4.8) |
- ( + \) + 2 = 0, 2 = 0.
= ((b+l)x~)/2 , / . (,/). . + = + /. .
= 2 + ( 1), = 2.
(4.9) (4.) |
Ai,2 = \ (~{2 - + 1) ^-fe+l)2-42) |
= 2 + (1 - + 2) + 2 = 0, |
> 2 b + 1 < 2, , . ' 2 - b + 1 , , , . 1 (. . 4.11).
2 ~ +1 = 0 . . .
, . . , ,,'tjo . , , , ^ . , () .
i I
. 4.11. 2.7. -.
, -. . -. 2. -. , / J . , ". . ,
, . , .
, , , . ( - ( 2.3), ).
, . wx\x2/{D + {). .
(. (
XI = 11 - ) XI - ,
2 |
V / D + x 1
Jx2x <41)
2 S 1------------------) 2.
\ 1 J
. (4.11) , \ = 0, \ = 0 ( , ,
)
= + (42)
, . \ D .
( D)/2.
(4.11) , 2 = 0, 2 =
2 = (4.13)
. , . . (4.13) : .
(4.12) (4.13) . "' (\,2). ,
\ 2
1 = . =
X 1 J-- -I
(4.11)
Vi |
)yi 1 1) |
^yiV 2 d + Vi |
1 |
(4.14) |
2/2 = S 1 |
2/2, |
/*, d = D/x*. (*,2) = {\1\,\) = (l,^)- \ = 1 (4.14), 2 J~ [3] . - , 2 = - l)(ci + 1).
(4.14) , II = \-* 2 - 2 - 2.
_1 ;
w _ |
\ |
1 |
1 + d" |
(4.15) |
k + rJ(l + d)[4].
2 = jVl - Sy2.
(4.15) rS(k~~l + i(rJ)-1(1 +d)~2) > 0, r(k-d-2)(k(l+d))~1-S - . , , (). tOHKH .
. 4.12. -. - , (). - , ()
5
.
.
.
, , - . . - , , , (, ), , , . , , , - , , . , - , . . v. , - , - . . . - 1952 . . ,
. . .
(5.1)
(5.1) . , , . . . , , . , . . . , , .
(,), Q(x,y) Di .
1. .
2. .
3. -
.
4. , -
.
5. .
6. . , , 1" .
. , . , - 1 , z . , , . -.^. , - , , . ■., . - {^ . ( , ) - , - . , , . - .
'■ - * 1968 . - , - . , .
, () :
X, 2 + - ,
+ X - + , X^R,
, , , ; R . X . , , (. 4.2.2).
(5.2)
(5.2) (, , Dx, Dy). (Dx = Dy = 0) , = /. b < 1 + 2 , b > 1 + 2 , .
(5.2) , . , , - , . , Dx Dv , 2 , . * , .
dt |
2' |
(5.3) |
a2y + (b+l)x +
= -2 -bx + Dy-
dt ~ " '
(5.3)
(5.4) |
(5.5) |
= exp (pt ), exp (pt zfcr),
= 2/ , . .
2 - + = ,
= bla2k2 (Dx + DV),A = k*DxDv+k2a2Dx-k2Dy (b - l)-f-a2. ■ ( ) <<, , , . (5.5) , . - , , < 0.
a2Dx + (b-l)Dy J(a2Dx + ( - 1) Dvf - 4a2DxDy 1)2 = ___. (5.6)
, - , - | . I - 7? . - i
:
t, = 4.
dt
+ 2 ~( + 1) + DxAx, bx - 2 + DyAy, |
(5.7) |
dt
= + j^r +... . , : , , . .
6
? , , . , , , , ... , . * .
, - , , . , , .
|-, .
. ( ) - . , , . . , . . ( ), ( , ) ( ).
.
7
| , - , . , 5 - - . . , . , . ( , . , - .
: , , , , . ( .
F .
< ( .
j. fe .
.
, , , .
, , , , , , .
.
7.1.
, , , .
1
. . . . (, , ). , , . . ,
Zn+i = 4(1 ). 7-1'
'Nature Vol. 261 June 10 1976
(2.3). , 0 1.
0. |
:
1. : lim .
2. : lim = Xstab-
3. , : + . = , m , . - .
4. .
. 7.1.
: .
I . - , , .
2.
(7.1) - 1975 . -
+1 = f(xn)-
= |
" / , - .,:^ , - n- ,
<.
+1 ~
+ ~ rn+i'
. 7.1. |
6 6 = 6 =
>
92016... ^ = 0.892486417967... - .
= -, |
dn = 1/2 -
hm -----------
-^ dn+i
= 2.502927875... .
.
(7.2) |
(7.3) |
(7.4) |
- t. .
&+1 +i = - .
= 0.4224 - . - || < 1.
+1 1 +1 = + .
- () (, 1976).
xn+i = 1-+, +1 =
0.95 = 3.02.
(7.5) |
+1 = 1 - + , +1 = .
. 7.2.
b ~ 0.3, = 1.4.
(7.6) |
, ,
f(x) = ((1 )).
.
(7.7) |
, ,
x+i = (1 +
, , - , .
7.4.
' ?
#*
0 - |
-0.5 |
Yi |
1963 . '' . , '0
. -,
' X = - + (jY.
< = -XZ + rX -Y, (7.8)
. Z = XY-bZ.
28, = 10, 8/3 . . (. . 7.3). - , X . . . , (7.8) , , , - , " .
5. и
' 1976 . и , - .
X=-(Y + Z)
t = X+lY (7.9)
.
, -, coso>p£.
. 7.3. () X(t) () |
J
(X.y.z)
10 20 40 60 80 100 t . 7.4. и () x(t) () |
, g(t) a(t) + 21.
COS Utpt |
.>/ ~ /1{/})2 = ,
: U)\ (1 -f /ZCOSWpt),
(7.10) |
(7.11) |
■ w2 (1 + ^ cos Wpt) sin <p = 0.
, . (sin v? if) < = ul"1 (/3t),
+ (t)u 0.
(7.10) II (£) .
+ w2 (1 + ficoscjpt) 0.
( ), , , ,
x = C1eXix(t)+C2e-Xtx(-t)t
, (0 , . x(t) ~ . 6 , , . 3 . , " . Re > 0,
> . - , , , | . , 2>/,
, , . 7.5. - '" - , " , - !1| , . ' , . >, | , . , - |1, , , , , , , . - '; , , .
7.5.
I* . и. , . , . .
+1
. . ) (t = ). , , , . .
II
' . .
[2] .
[3]
■1