.


:




:

































 

 

 

 



 

 


. 2.4. ( ). (). 1 , 2

 

, .

, 4 . (. . 43). . 2.6. , 2, 3 - , 1 , 4 - . .2.6.

. 2.5. (). (). 2 , 1

r-Ja\ ri//Ji

- . , i , . , , -, () , *! , <[ (, , 1"1 . .), 31 . -, * , "" , , . , .

2.6. (-. (). 4 - . ' '


. 2.7. 4 , 2, 3 . , (. 2.7)

. 2.7. (). (). 4 .

 

.


3

3.1.

1910 . .

AJ^X ^Y ^. (3.1)

X . X Y , X Y. Y . *

, .


, , X, Y, ,

k\xy, = kixy - k2y,

dx ~dt dy dt

(3.2)

db, = k2V

. .

J fco - h = ,

kixy - 2 = 0.

, = ko/(kix). , = , k2/ki. , , ; . 2/\ = fco/fcv .


 

 


= -
*

X = -


 

 


4 J

dx, _ fcifco- I

= -k2y----------------------:--------- x,

at 2

dy kiko _

= ------------------------------------------ x.

(3.3)

dt k2

fc2
(3.4)

(3.3) fcifco

+ A

= + ^ + ^

fcifco fc2


 

 


(3.5)
1,2 = 7)
4fcjfc2

fcpfci, / fepfci ' fc2 V fc2


: , , , ; , , . , = 0 , . . 3.1.

h

3.2.

(3.6)

1925 . . . .

+ kii 2,
X + Y 2> 2 ,
3) .

 

. .

~ = \ 2,

dy (3J)i

= 2 - 3. i

(3.7) (0,0) (/2,/2) .! - < . i

, (3.6) (2.3) -. . . ! , { . { . ?

, X , - [ , . (3.6) - j , , . - { , . . | , .

, -! (3.7) , j -. i


4

. , , , , , . . , . , . . .

4.1. 4.1.1.

.

1.1. .


 

(0,0). . { 0, 2 0) .

\ = 2 + \, 2 = \-\- 2-

1 1 -1 -1

2 - 2 + 2 = 0, ,2 = 1 .

-|; , , . S

,2\1/2'

, - oco-jj . xlt 2. I

! = -X\X2 + xl |l - + a;|)1/,2J, 22 X1X2 + \ 1 (:? +.

Xii + 22 = (\ + xl) j^l - (\ +


 

\ + = R2,

 

(4.1) 2, \.

Xi&2 21 \+\ R.

tg = ,

XI

2%1 12

cos2 \

COS2

ju2 "f"

Xi2 £2^1

0 =

= 1.

, 1. R -1 , . - > 6 = 1. R = 1 . R < 0, . (R < 1) R > 0, - ^gjtpaeKTopHH , .

, - ^jjjf , . 4.1. ^ 1.2. , '^ .

. , .

= ( 1)( 2),

1.

. , . 1 2. = 0. , :

> , > 2, < , 1 < < 2, > 0, < 1.

, 2 (. 4.2). , , - .


 

. 4.1.

2

xl

1.3. .

, .

= ( - I)2, 0 = 1.



 

<?. 4.2. . ,

. 1 .

■ > 0, > 1,

> 0, 0 < < 1.

Vi

, (. 4.3).

' I,

, , -. , . , -

, " . , . , , , , ' , .

. 4.3. |

 

, t > +(. 4.1),, ; , t , (.4.2); : ( £ > +), ^; ( t * -) (.4.3).

4.2. , * f

- , . (, , - .

j


. 4.4.

 

. - , , , - , , , , , . - : , - , .

|1.

2.1. .

, ( ) (. 4.4).

, - . . . . 4.5. - . > . , - .


. , ^ , ..


 

V

-------------------------------- ► '

. 4.5. -j

2.2. .

1 . 0"

, . 4.6.

. 4.6. *

 

hi, 2, h. ( ), , .

2.3. .

, . ( ) . , , .

4.2.2.

2.4. . ' , . 4.7. , '4& , /2. . .


/ / V / / / /
  /
  /
  /
  /
  /
  /
  /
i  
 
/2
/2 I
QZ^

 

 


. 4.7.

8 - , . II ' = rv + f.


, (; , ), , : / = /( v) = f(u ). , . 4.5. , , ,

f(u - £) / + fix + f2i2 + ■ (4.2)

, + (3 + )2 = 0, = fo/k , w2 /, /3 = (■ - f\)/m. . , . , . , . fi > .

. (4.2) , . .

(4.2) .

2.5. .

. 4.8 . ( , , ). , RLC . L L', , 3 .

. 4.8.

v>

rr , rdl. dl'

11 -u~IR = -LTt-Mlu>


dT dt
d£_dU_ dU dt
I = ~q = CU, i = -,
= S(U)U.

 

 


2 _
1/LC.
;
(4.3)

S(U) -, . ^ LCU - MS{U)U + RCU + U = 0. $ . RC MS < , - , . , S | , , . , : ** SQ - S2U2 = (So - RC)/LC,

/(-AfSb),

U -(1- /2) U + wqU = 0.

(4.3) . = lqqI, = = aLVo,

- fi (1 - 2) + = 0. (4.4)

(4.4) .

/ 1 (. 4.9), - (. 4.9 ) / 1 (. 4.9 ).

. 4.10. , . , . .

, . . , , , , . .

2.6. .

1971 , .

-+, + -+Y + D, 2X + Y-> , -*.

, , , D, .

(+ 1). + 2, (4.5)

2. (4-6)


) 4.9. ) ; ) - ; )

)

)


 

 


X

. 4.10.

, .


 

 


(4.7) (4.8)

- ( + \) + 2 = 0, 2 = 0.


 

 


= ((b+l)x~)/2 , / . (,/). . + = + /. .

= 2 + ( 1), = 2.

(4.9) (4.)
Ai,2 = \ (~{2 - + 1) ^-fe+l)2-42)

= 2 + (1 - + 2) + 2 = 0,


> 2 b + 1 < 2, , . ' 2 - b + 1 , , , . 1 (. . 4.11).

2 ~ +1 = 0 . . .

, . . , ,,'tjo . , , , ^ . , () .

i I

. 4.11. 2.7. -.

, -. . -. 2. -. , / J . , ". . ,


, . , .

, , , . ( - ( 2.3), ).

, . wx\x2/{D + {). .

(. (

XI = 11 - ) XI - ,

2

V / D + x 1

Jx2x <41)

2 S 1------------------) 2.

\ 1 J

. (4.11) , \ = 0, \ = 0 ( , ,

)

= + (42)

, . \ D .

( D)/2.

(4.11) , 2 = 0, 2 =

2 = (4.13)

. , . . (4.13) : .

(4.12) (4.13) . "' (\,2). ,

\ 2

1 = . =

X 1 J-- -I


(4.11)


Vi
)yi 1 1)
^yiV 2 d + Vi
1
(4.14)
2/2 = S 1
2/2,

 

 


/*, d = D/x*. (*,2) = {\1\,\) = (l,^)- \ = 1 (4.14), 2 J~ [3] . - , 2 = - l)(ci + 1).

(4.14) , II = \-* 2 - 2 - 2.


 

 


_1 ;

w _
\
1
1 + d"
(4.15)

k + rJ(l + d)[4].


 

 


2 = jVl - Sy2.

(4.15) rS(k~~l + i(rJ)-1(1 +d)~2) > 0, r(k-d-2)(k(l+d))~1-S - . , , (). tOHKH .

. 4.12. -. - , (). - , ()


5

.

.

.

, , - . . - , , , (, ), , , . , , , - , , . , - , . . v. , - , - . . . - 1952 . . ,

. . .


 

 


(5.1)


 

 


(5.1) . , , . . . , , . , . . . , , .

(,), Q(x,y) Di .

1. .

2. .

3. -

.

4. , -

.

5. .

6. . , , 1" .

. , . , - 1 , z . , , . -.^. , - , , . ■., . - {^ . ( , ) - , - . , , . - .

'■ - * 1968 . - , - . , .


, () :

X, 2 + - ,

+ X - + , X^R,

, , , ; R . X . , , (. 4.2.2).

(5.2)

(5.2) (, , Dx, Dy). (Dx = Dy = 0) , = /. b < 1 + 2 , b > 1 + 2 , .

(5.2) , . , , - , . , Dx Dv , 2 , . * , .



 

 


dt
2'
(5.3)

a2y + (b+l)x +


 

 


= -2 -bx + Dy-

dt ~ " '

(5.3)

(5.4)
(5.5)

= exp (pt ), exp (pt zfcr),

= 2/ , . .

2 - + = ,

= bla2k2 (Dx + DV),A = k*DxDv+k2a2Dx-k2Dy (b - l)-f-a2. ■ ( ) <<, , , . (5.5) , . - , , < 0.


 

 


a2Dx + (b-l)Dy J(a2Dx + ( - 1) Dvf - 4a2DxDy 1)2 = ___. (5.6)

, - , - | . I - 7? . - i

:

t, = 4.

dt

+ 2 ~( + 1) + DxAx, bx - 2 + DyAy,
(5.7)

dt
= + j^r +... . , : , , . .


6

? , , . , , , , ... , . * .

, - , , . , , .

|-, .


. ( ) - . , , . . , . . ( ), ( , ) ( ).

.


7

| , - , . , 5 - - . . , . , . ( , . , - .

 

: , , , , . ( .

F .

< ( .

j. fe .

.

, , , .

, , , , , , .

.

7.1.

, , , .

1

. . . . (, , ). , , . . ,

Zn+i = 4(1 ). 7-1'

'Nature Vol. 261 June 10 1976

(2.3). , 0 1.

0.

:

1. : lim .

2. : lim = Xstab-

3. , : + . = , m , . - .

4. .

. 7.1.

: .

I . - , , .

2.

(7.1) - 1975 . -

+1 = f(xn)-

=

" / , - .,:^ , - n- ,

<.

+1 ~

+ ~ rn+i'

. 7.1.


6 6 = 6 =

>

92016... ^ = 0.892486417967... - .

= -,

dn = 1/2 -

hm -----------

-^ dn+i

= 2.502927875... .

.

(7.2)
(7.3)
(7.4)

- t. .

&+1 +i = - .

= 0.4224 - . - || < 1.

+1 1 +1 = + .

- () (͸, 1976).

xn+i = 1-+, +1 =

0.95 = 3.02.

(7.5)

+1 = 1 - + , +1 = .

. 7.2.

b ~ 0.3, = 1.4.

(7.6)

, ,

f(x) = ((1 )).

.

(7.7)

, ,

x+i = (1 +

, , - , .

7.4.

' ?

#*

0 -
-0.5
Yi

1963 . '' . , '0

. -,

' X = - + (jY.

< = -XZ + rX -Y, (7.8)

. Z = XY-bZ.

28, = 10, 8/3 . . (. . 7.3). - , X . . . , (7.8) , , , - , " .

5. и

' 1976 . и , - .

X=-(Y + Z)

t = X+lY (7.9)

.

, -, coso>p£.


. 7.3. () X(t) ()

 

J


 


 

 



 

(X.y.z)


10 20 40 60 80 100 t . 7.4. и () x(t) ()

, g(t) a(t) + 21.

COS Utpt

.>/ ~ /1{/})2 = ,

: U)\ (1 -f /ZCOSWpt),

(7.10)
(7.11)

■ w2 (1 + ^ cos Wpt) sin <p = 0.

, . (sin v? if) < = ul"1 (/3t),

+ (t)u 0.

(7.10) II (£) .

+ w2 (1 + ficoscjpt) 0.

( ), , , ,

x = C1eXix(t)+C2e-Xtx(-t)t


, (0 , . x(t) ~ . 6 , , . 3 . , " . Re > 0,
> . - , , , | . , 2>/,

, , . 7.5. - '" - , " , - !1| , . ' , . >, | , . , - |1, , , , , , , . - '; , , .


 

7.5.

I* . и. , . , . .

+1

. . ) (t = ). , , , . .


II



' . .

[2] .

[3]

■1



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