1. What syllables are called accented?
2. How is the effect of prominence in English words achieved?
3. What are the functions of the word stress?
4. Is the word stress fixed or free in English?
5. What accentual mistakes can be made when the speaker misplaces the nuclear accent and the secondary stress?
UNIT 8
Section 1
Make a careful study of the text below and pick out the terms related to phonetics.
Word Stress (II)
To avoid making accentual mistakes it is necessary for the learner to know the basic rules of English word accentuation. They are as follows:
1. In most disyllabic words the accent falls on the initial syllable:
colour ['kΛl∂], palace ['pælıs], pharynx ['færıŋks], morpheme ['m:fi:m]
2. In disyllabic words with a prefix which has lost its meaning the stress falls on the second syllable (on the root syllable):
become [bık'Λm], begin [bı'gın], pronounce [pr∂'nauns]
3. In disyllabic verbs ending in -ate, -ise/-ize, -fy the stress falls on the last syllable: dictate [dık'teıt], surprise [s∂'praız], defy [dı'faı].
As for polysyllabic verbs with the same suffixes they have the accent on the 3rd
syllable from the end:
recognize ['rek∂gnaız], demonstrate ['dem∂nstreıt], qualify ['kw lıfaı]
4. In most words of 3 or 4 syllables the accent falls on the third syllable from the end of the word: camera ['kæmer∂], cinema ['sınım∂]
The same is true for the words with the following suffixes:
| - logy | psychology | [saık' l∂d ı] |
| - logist | biologist | [baı' l∂d ıst] |
| - graphy | geography | [d ı' gr∂fı] |
| - cracy | democracy | [dım' kr∂sı] |
5. The accent falls on the second syllable from the end of the word before the following suffixes:
| - ian | physician | [fı'zı∫n] |
| - ience | experience | [ıks'pı∂rı∂ns] |
| - ient | expedient | [ıks'pi:dj∂nt] |
| - cient | efficient | [ı'fı∫∂nt] |
| - al | parental | [p∂'rentl] |
| - ial | essential | [ı'sen∫l] |
| - ual | habitual | [h∂'bıt∫u∂l] |
| - eous | courageous | [k∂'reıd ∂s] |
| - ious | delicious | [dı'lı∫∂s] |
| - iar | familiar | [f∂'mılj∂] |
6. The accent falls on the final syllable formed by the suffixes: -ee, -eer, -ier,
-ade, -esque. The root syllable in such words has secondary accent:
| refuge | ['refju:d ] | refugee | [refju:d 'i:] | |
| employ | [ım'pl ı] | employee | [empl ı'i:] | |
| engine | ['end ın] | engineer | [end ı'nı∂] | |
| picture | ['pıkt∫∂] | picturesque | [pıkt∫∂'resk] |
7. In most words the secondary stress falls on the syllable separated from the nuclear syllable by one unstressed syllable:
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pronunciation [pr∂nΛnsı'eı∫n], recognition[rek∂g'nı∫n],
academician [∂kæd∂'mı∫∂n], governmental [gΛv∂n'ment∂l]
8. In many derivative nouns the secondary stress falls on the same syllable which has the primary stress in the original word. In such nouns the syllable with the secondary stress may be separated from the nuclear syllable by 2, or even 3 unstressed syllables:
| 'organize | organi'zation | [:g∂naı'zeı∫n] | |
| ex'periment | experimen'tation | [ıksperımen'teı∫n] | |
| pe'culiar | peculi'arity | [pıkju:lı'ærıtı] |
* If the original word has both a primary and a secondary stress, the secondary stress in the derivative word remains on the same syllable, while the primary stress changes its place and falls on the syllable immediately preceding the suffix:
| recom'mend | recommen'dation | [rek∂men'deı∫n] | |
| repre'sent | represen'tation | [reprızen'teı∫n] |
Section 2
[ f ]
(constrictive fricative, labio-dental, strong/fortis, voiceless)
[ v ]
(constrictive fricative, labio-dental, weak/lenis,voiced)
I. Observe the position of the lower lip and the upper teeth for the sounds [ f ] and
[ v ]. Read the words in the columns.
vast of every
verse twelve everything
vow five everywhere
four off friend
far half front
fat rough free
feel enough France
II. Read the sentences. Follow the tonetic marks.
1. Fan is full of fads and fancies. .
2. Fingers were made before forks. , .
3. Face front and listen carefully.
.
4. Fight fire with fire. .
5. Floy is neither fish, flesh nor fowl. , .
6. A fault confessed is half forgiven. .
7. From the frying-pan into the fire. .
8. Trifles make perfection, and ,
perfection is no trifle.(Michelangelo) .
9. Ive never lost the love of my job.
.
10. Mr.Veres in the vicinity of 75. 75.
11. Victors on active service in the Navy. -
.
12. Vesuvius is an active volcano. .
13. Ive moved heaven and earth. .
14. I believe the very reverse is true. , .
15. Ive never given Avy a thought.
.
III. Match the following English idioms, proverbs and sayings with their Russian
equivalents. Make up situations to illustrate their usage.
1. Fortune favours the brave. a.
2. draw a veil over b. ,
3. give vent to ones feelings c.
4. in my view d.
5. in full view of everybody e. -,
6. Far from eye, far from heart. f.
7. fish for compliments g.
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8. off the cuff h.
9. a five finger exercise i. .
10. before smbs face j. ,
11. fair-weather friend k. ,
IV. Pronounce the tongue twisters in the quickest possible way. Observe the
correct articulation of [ v ] and [ f ].
1. Vincent vowed vengence very vehemently.
2. The crow flew over the river with a lump of raw liver.
3. Friendly Frank flips fine flapjacks.
4. Freshly-fried flying fish.
Section 3
I. Test. Tick the words you recognize in the sentences you hear:
1. a) pin; b) fin
2. a) peel; b) feel
3. a) snipping; b) sniffing
4. a) heel; b) feel
5. a) hat; b) fat
6. a) pole; b) hole; c) foal
II. Listen to the dialogue and learn it by heart.
At the Photographers
Phillip: I want a photograph of myself and my wife.
Photographer: Please fill in this from, sir. Would you prefer a full front
photograph or a profile?
Phillip: A full front, dont you think, Phillippa?
Phillippa: Yes. A full front photograph.
Photographer: Please sit on this sofa. Is it comfortable, Mrs. Puffin?
Phillippa: Yes. It feels fine.
Photographer: Mrs. Puffin, please give a friendly laugh.
Phillip: Thats difficult. If you say something funny I can laugh.
Photographer: And, Mrs. Puffin, please look soft and beautiful.
Phillip: (laughs)
Phillippa: Is it finished?
Photographer: Yes.
Phillip: Will the photograph be ready for the first of February?
Photographer: Yes. Please phone my office after five days, Mrs. Puffin.
III. Conversational practice. (Intonation)
Example: If Fred laughs, he looks funny.
If Grandfather flies, he gets frightened.
Make up sentences on analogy. Choose an appropriate ending from the column on the right.
If Fred laughs, he isnt free.
If Phillippa laughs, he gets frightened.
If Grandfather flies, she looks beautiful.
If you want to eat fish, youre first.
If you telephone information, it gets full of fat.
If you fry food, theyre helpful.
If a man has a wife, he looks funny.
If you finish before the others, you need a knife and fork.
