1. How are sounds pronounced in isolation and in connected speech?
2. What stages may be observed in the articulation of an isolated sound?
Characterize them.
3. Analyze the work of the speech organs during the articulation of the sounds [p],
[s], [n], [r], [w], [i:].
4. Name two principal ways of linking adjacent sounds and describe them.
5. Describe the articulation of the sounds in block type in the following words:
that time [ðæ t ' t aım]; arm [ α:m ]; on [ n ]; hidden ['hı dn ].
Name the type of junction.
6. Do different languages have the same rules of joining the sounds?
UNIT 3
Section 1
Make a careful study of the text below and pick out the terms related to phonetics.
Assimilation (I)
Adjacent sounds often assimilate, i.e. influence each other so that they become more alike.
Assimilation is the alteration of a speech sound to make it more similar to neighbouring sounds. It may take place within a word and also at word boundaries. Assimilation exists in every language, but its laws and forms depend on the articulatory tendencies typical of every language and specific phonetic structures.
Types of assimilation can be distinguished according to
I. the degree of completeness; II. the direction; III. the degree of stability.
I. Assimilation may be complete and incomplete. It is complete when two adjoining sounds become alike or merge into one in fluent speech:
e.g. cupboard ['kÙpbd 'kÙbd], less shy [les '∫aı le∫'∫aı]
*Complete assimilation is also found in Russian (, , , ).
Assimilation is called incomplete when the likeness of the adjoining sounds is partial. For example, the sonorants [w, l, r] are partially devoiced when preceded by the voiceless fortis [p, t, k, s, f, θ]: sweet [swi:t], place [pleıs], try [traı].
II. Assimilation may be of three types, as far as its direction is concerned.
In progressive assimilation, a sound is influenced by the sound, which precedes it:
e.g. grandmother ['grændmÙð 'grænmÙð]
sandwich ['sændwıd 'sæŋwıd ] (complete assimilation)
twice [twaıs ] (incomplete assimilation)
In regressive assimilation, a sound is influenced by the sound, which follows it:
e.g. ten minutes ['ten 'mınıts] ['tem'mınıts] (complete assimilation)
width [wıdθ] (incomplete assimilation: the alveolar [d] becomes
dental before the interdental [θ, ð])
Reciprocal (double) assimilation means complex mutual influence of the adjacent sounds: e.g. tree [tri:] the sonorant [r] is partly devoiced under the influence of the
voiceless [t]; the alveolar [t] becomes post-alveolar before [r].
sweater ['swet] [w] becomes partially devoiced and [s] becomes
slightly rounded as a result of mutual influence.
III. According to the degree of stability historical assimilation may be manifested
|
|
|
(= changes which have taken place within words over a period of time).
e.g. orchard (ort + yard) [:tjd >:t∫d]
Assimilatory phenomena in modern English may be obligatory (these are special allophonic variants, which are to be used by all speakers, for example, dental allophones of alveolar consonants before interdental [θ,ð]) and non-obligatory which are characteristic of fluent or careless speech:
e.g. ten girls [teŋ'g:lz], ten minutes [tem'mınıts]).
Section 2 [ t ]
(occlusive, plosive, forelingual, apical, alveolar, strong/fortis, voiceless)
[ d ]
(occlusive, plosive, forelingual, apical, alveolar, weak/lenis, voiced)
I. Observe the position of the tongue for the sounds [ t ] and [ d ]. Observe the
necessary degree of aspiration for [t], loss of plosion, nasal / lateral plosions, and
correct pronunciation of combinations [tð], [dð], [tr], [dr], [tw], [dw].
tea still said hot pan good girl red dress
task step bad knocked down thousand pounds that time
tame stand add let go cold climate mad dog
town star paid post-card add two what time
tin steam road light-blue not Charles good day
top story could eight pounds not Jane not true
button little at the tree twin
cotton bottle not this true twice
couldnt cattle not that attract twelve
hidden at last read the text control twenty
utmost fiddle told the truth dream dwarf
oatmeal cradle could think draw could wait
II. Read the sentences. Follow the tonetic marks.
1. Get it right. .
2. Cut it short. Kopo.
3. Try to put it right. .
4. Dont take it to heart. .
5. You are telling pretty tall stories. .
6. Toby still treats the matter lightly.
.
7. Better the foot slip than the tongue trip , .
8. Id be delighted. ().
9. Good riddance. .
10. Dads a good driver. .
11. Beyond the shadow of a doubt. .
12. Dumb dogs are dangerous. .
13. Dave is in a decidedly good mood. .
III. Match the following English idioms, proverbs and sayings with their Russian
equivalents. Make up situations to illustrate their usage.
1. second wind a.
2. the good old days b.
3. over my dead body c. ,
4. in the doldrums d.
5. dribs and drabs e. ,
6. head and shoulders above f.
7. cold idea g.
8. to give the devil his due. h.
9. to tell tales out of school i. , -
10. take on trust j. ,
11. talk turkey k.
12. take ones time l.
13. tread on smbs toes m.
14. on the tip of ones tongue n.
15. the root of the matter o.
16. the straight tip p. ,
17. take for granted q.
IV. Pronounce the tongue twisters in the quickest possible way. Observe the correct articulation of [ tw ], [ d ], [ fr ] and [ br ].
|
|
|
1.Twelve twins twirled twelve twigs.
2. Fred fed Ted bread, and Ted fed Fred bread.
Section 3
Listen to the dialogue and learn it by heart.
In a Department Store
Pretty girl: I want to buy a hat / coat / skirt / shirt.
Assistant: Hats / Coats are upstairs on the next / first floor.
Fat man: Where can I get a hot meal?
Assistant: The restaurant / cafeteria is on the thirteenth floor.
Little girl: I want to buy some bootlaces / light bulbs / bottles of fruit juice.
Assistant: They re on the next counter on your left, dear.
Tall lady: I want some tins of tomato paste / steak.
Assistant: Try the supermarket in the basement.
Gentleman: Could you tell me where the travel agency / lavatory is?
Assistant: Its right next to the cafeteria / restaurant on the thirteenth floor.
Student: I want to buy a football / cricket bat / tennis racquet.
Assistant: Take the lift to the sports department. Its on the top / fourteenth
floor.
Little boy: Could you tell me where the telephone is?
Assistant: Its on the twelfth floor opposite the photographers.
Twins: Could you tell us the time, please?
Assistant: Yes. Its exactly twenty-two minutes to ten.
