:
, , , , .
:
3 . , . .
1. (), , : ) {, b}; ) {b, c, d}; ) {1, 2}; ) {2, 3, 4}.
:
) {0, {a}, {b}, {a, b}};
) {0, {b}, {c}, {d}, {b, c}, {b, d}, {c, d}, {b, c, d}};
) {0, {1}, {2}, {1,2}};
) {0, {2}, {3}, {4}, {2, 3}, {2, 4}, {3, 4}, {2, 3, 4}}.
2. 2 − 3 + 2 = 0, = {0;2}. A ∩ B, U , \ , \ .
:
={2,1} :
A∩B={2}, U={0,1,2}, \ ={1}, \ ={0}.
3. E ; A 35 ; B , 10 ; C . ( ) :
) ;
) B C;
) A (B );
) B \ C;
) C \ B.
:
) - , 10 .
) - 35 , 10 .
) - 35 , , , 10 .
) \ - 10 , .
) \ 10 .
4. , , (∩∩≠0) :
)
:
5. , 100 :
) 19; 21; 23; 7; 9; 8; , 3;
) 25; 38; 12; 15; 3;
) 23; 26; 31; 10; 13; 12; , 4;
) 17; 25; 32; 2; 5.
, :
) ;
) ;
) ;
:
6. × , :
) A = {1, 2}, B = {a, b};
) A = {a, b, c}, B = {0, 1};
) A = {b, c}, B = {2, 3};
) A = {3, 4}, B = {b, c, e}.
:
) {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b)};
|
|
) {(a, 0), (a, 1), (b, 0), (b, 1), (c, 0), (c, 1)};
) {(b, 2), (b, 3), (c, 2), (c,3)};
) {(3, b), (3, c), (3, e), (4, b), (4, c), (4, e)}.
7. :
1 ; 1={., .};
2 (); 2= {18, 19, , 35};
3 ; 3= {, , };
4 (); 4= {0, 1, 2, , 15, 15};
5 (); 5= {0, 1, 2, , 10, 10};
6 ; 6= { , , };
7 ; 7= {, };
8 ; 8= { ( ), ()}.
:
) 23 , , , , ;
) 27 , 3 , , , , .
: 2, 5, 6, 7.
:
:
= (., 23, , 5, 0, , , ),
= (., 27, , 7, 3, , , ).
() 2, 5, 6, 7:
2,5,6,7 = (23, 0, , ),
2,5,6,7 = (27, 3, , ).
8. X , a X. X , a a.
. , A X, a, X \ A X, a, . X, a, X, a. X, a , X, a.
. .
.
9. , : , , . ( , ) ?
. 25 = 32 .
10. 220 163 , 175 , 24 . ?
. : , m() = 220, , , m() = 175, , , m() = 163, , , , U , , . 24 , :
m( U ) = m() 24=196.
: m( U ) = m() + m() m( ),
m( ) = m() + m() m( U ) = 175 + 163 196 = 142.
. 142 , .
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|
11. 25 . 9 , 12 , 15 , 6 , 7 , 8 3 . ?
. :
, ;
, ;
, .
, - UU. 9 + 12 + 15 = 36 > 25, , , ( , )
: m( U U ) = 9 + 12 + 15 6 7 8 + 3 = 39 21 = 18, 25 18 = 7 .
. 7 .
12. 25 . 14 , 16 . : ?
. X , , Y - , . || = 14, | Y| = 16, | Y| = 25. , 25 = 14+16 - | ∩ Y| , | ∩ Y| = 5.
13. 3 , - 4 . ?
.
X , Y - . X = {1,x2,}, Y = {y1,y2,y}. (xi,yj), xi X, yj Y. X ×Y. , | × Y| = || ∙ |Y| = 12.
14. ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. () , R .
.
R , b , < b:
R={(a, b): (a, b) < b }.
R={(1,2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 6)}.
15. ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. , :
R1 ;
R2 , ;
R3 3.
.
1) R1={(a, b):a,b M; a - b} {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1,4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 3), (3, 6), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)}. (a, b) a b; a, b .
R2={(a, b): a, b ; a b , ≠1}.
R2
R3={(a, b): a, b ; a, b 3 }. R3
16. - . ?
.
:
( , );
( , );
( , , );
( ).
17. N M 2n - :
G - {(n, 2n-1): n N, 2n-1 2n } N× 2n?
.
G :
, 1 G = N;
|
|
. 2 G = 2n;
, n N 2n-1 2n;
, 2n-1 2n, n N.
18. G N×N = N 2 (, ) M, .. . , , ?
.
, , , N 2 - (, ) () . , f: N×N→ . , . , , ( 1 f) ( 2 f). . f .
, f: N×N→ , - .
19. 1, - R1 - " " (); 2 - (, , 100) R 2 - " " (>). () :
=( 1; ) =( 2;>)?
.
1. : 1→ 2, : 1, 2, ( ). : 1→ 2, =( 1; ) =( 2;>), (a R b () R' (b) , b ). , ',37 , ', 26 , ..
' ' ' ( ') = 37,
(')= - 26, 37 > 26.
2. : 1→ 2, =( 1; ) =( 2;>), ( , ' 26 ' 26 . -1 , ( 26 ).
, =( 1; ) =( 2;>) , .