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1.




:

, , , , .

:

3 . , . .

 

1. (), , : ) {, b}; ) {b, c, d}; ) {1, 2}; ) {2, 3, 4}.

:

) {0, {a}, {b}, {a, b}};

) {0, {b}, {c}, {d}, {b, c}, {b, d}, {c, d}, {b, c, d}};

) {0, {1}, {2}, {1,2}};

) {0, {2}, {3}, {4}, {2, 3}, {2, 4}, {3, 4}, {2, 3, 4}}.

 

2. 2 − 3 + 2 = 0, = {0;2}. AB, U , \ , \ .

:

={2,1} :

A∩B={2}, U={0,1,2}, \ ={1}, \ ={0}.

3. E ; A 35 ; B , 10 ; C . ( ) :

) ;

) B C;

) A (B );

) B \ C;

) C \ B.

:

) - , 10 .

) - 35 , 10 .

) - 35 , , , 10 .

) \ - 10 , .

) \ 10 .

4. , , (∩∩≠0) :

)

:

5. , 100 :

) 19; 21; 23; 7; 9; 8; , 3;

) 25; 38; 12; 15; 3;

) 23; 26; 31; 10; 13; 12; , 4;

) 17; 25; 32; 2; 5.

, :

) ;

) ;

) ;

:

6. × , :

) A = {1, 2}, B = {a, b};

) A = {a, b, c}, B = {0, 1};

) A = {b, c}, B = {2, 3};

) A = {3, 4}, B = {b, c, e}.

:

) {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b)};

) {(a, 0), (a, 1), (b, 0), (b, 1), (c, 0), (c, 1)};

) {(b, 2), (b, 3), (c, 2), (c,3)};

) {(3, b), (3, c), (3, e), (4, b), (4, c), (4, e)}.

7. :

1 ; 1={., .};

2 (); 2= {18, 19, , 35};

3 ; 3= {, , };

4 (); 4= {0, 1, 2, , 15, 15};

5 (); 5= {0, 1, 2, , 10, 10};

6 ; 6= { , , };

7 ; 7= {, };

8 ; 8= { ( ), ()}.

:

) 23 , , , , ;

) 27 , 3 , , , , .

: 2, 5, 6, 7.

:

:

= (., 23, , 5, 0, , , ),

= (., 27, , 7, 3, , , ).

() 2, 5, 6, 7:

2,5,6,7 = (23, 0, , ),

2,5,6,7 = (27, 3, , ).

8. X , a X. X , a a.

. , A X, a, X \ A X, a, . X, a, X, a. X, a , X, a.

. .

.

 

9. , : , , . ( , ) ?

. 25 = 32 .

10. 220 163 , 175 , 24 . ?

. : , m() = 220, , , m() = 175, , , m() = 163, , , , U , , . 24 , :

m( U ) = m() 24=196.

: m( U ) = m() + m() m( ),

m( ) = m() + m() m( U ) = 175 + 163 196 = 142.

. 142 , .

 

11. 25 . 9 , 12 , 15 , 6 , 7 , 8 3 . ?

. :

, ;

, ;

, .

, - UU. 9 + 12 + 15 = 36 > 25, , , ( , )

: m( U U ) = 9 + 12 + 15 6 7 8 + 3 = 39 21 = 18, 25 18 = 7 .

. 7 .

 

12. 25 . 14 , 16 . : ?

. X , , Y - , . || = 14, | Y| = 16, | Y| = 25. , 25 = 14+16 - | Y| , | Y| = 5.

 

13. 3 , - 4 . ?

.

X , Y - . X = {1,x2,}, Y = {y1,y2,y}. (xi,yj), xi X, yj Y. X ×Y. , | × Y| = || ∙ |Y| = 12.

14. ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. () , R .

.

R , b , < b:

R={(a, b): (a, b) < b }.

R={(1,2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 6)}.

15. ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. , :

R1 ;

R2 , ;

R3 3.

.

1) R1={(a, b):a,b M; a - b} {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1,4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 3), (3, 6), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)}. (a, b) a b; a, b .

 

R2={(a, b): a, b ; a b , ≠1}.

R2

R3={(a, b): a, b ; a, b 3 }. R3

 

16. - . ?

.

:

( , );

( , );

( , , );

( ).

 

17. N M 2n - :

G - {(n, 2n-1): n N, 2n-1 2n } 2n?

.

G :

, 1 G = N;

. 2 G = 2n;

, n N 2n-1 2n;

, 2n-1 2n, n N.

 

18. G N×N = N 2 (, ) M, .. . , , ?

.

, , , N 2 - (, ) () . , f: N×N→ . , . , , ( 1 f) ( 2 f). . f .

, f: N×N→ , - .

 

19. 1, - R1 - " " (); 2 - (, , 100) R 2 - " " (>). () :

=( 1; ) =( 2;>)?

.

1. : 1 2, : 1, 2, ( ). : 1 2, =( 1; ) =( 2;>), (a R b () R' (b) , b ). , ',37 , ', 26 , ..

' ' ' ( ') = 37,

(')= - 26, 37 > 26.

2. : 1 2, =( 1; ) =( 2;>), ( , ' 26 ' 26 . -1 , ( 26 ).

, =( 1; ) =( 2;>) , .

 





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