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2000

 

 

 

1. 充3

2. ⅅ7

3. ...13

4. 充19

5. 20

 

 

 

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:

1) (, , , ..) , , .

2) , , , , - (, , : - ).

3) . , , , , ( , ). [1]

, , , , . , , , .

 

c , ( ) . ( c , , ).

, 1095 , II , . 1095 - , , , . , , , . , . , ; . , , , .. , , 1096, . [2]

 

, , ( ) , - , . , . , . , .

, , , . , . , , . [3]

( .)

, , .

, , , , . , , , , . , . , .

, . 1 1145, , III 7 . , , . , , , , .

1096, , . , . , , ; , . [4]

 

, ( ), , .

 

 

 

, , .

, - , , . , c , .

( , ) - , , , . , , . , . , , . ( ) , , , . [5]

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. , , . , . , ; , .

C , , . , , . , , , . , , , , . [6]

, , . , ; , , ( - ) . , .

, , , . H. , , , , . ., , . , , " " . , , , ; , , . . , , , , .

, , . , c :

, , . , , . , , , , , , . , , ,, .

, , , ( ) ( ) .

, , , .

- , , 11- 12.

I (1-9) II, 1079 , . , , . [7]

, , . , , . , , .[8]

I , . , , , . .

-, , 1096-97 , .

-, , , - , , . . . . , - .

, , , , -.(,9) , .

, . : .( ).

.

( ):

 

1. . . . ( . X, . 5)

2. (. X, . 6,7,8,9,11)

3. . (. XI, . 1-3)

4. (. XI, . 4 5)

 

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, , .

, . , , , . . : , . , , . .

. , : II VII, ,

, , , , , . , , .. [9]

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, ; . C 8 III , 4 :

[ , , , , . - , , , . , III, , .

12 1204 . : . , V , . . , .]

, , ( , , ):

1. - . (Nicetae honiatae, Historia, Rez. I. A. Van Dieten, Berolini, 1975, p.536-537, 539-540 ( . ))

2. (. . p.541-542,551,553,555-557,560-561)

3. (. . p.572-575,586-591,594-595)

 

, , , , , , , . , , , ( ) .

 

 

c , ( , ), .

, ( , ).

, , , , .

, . . , - , . [10]

, *, . 1090 ,, 1170. , , , **. , (), . , , ( , , ). , , . , , , ( " " ), , .

- , . , .

. - e, - a ( ), . - ( ) , , 1696. . C , , .[11]

, (yosrot) , , , . .

.

, (lament), . , , - , , . , , , .

 

For the pious ones of Mainz I shall let out wailing like a jackal:

Woe is me for my calamity, severe is my wound, I declare:

"My tent has been pillaged and all my ropes have been broken: mychildren have left me."

My heart goes out to the slain of Mainz, those valued as gold and as scarlet.

My heart ails for them while I must suppress my cries of woe, Erudite as "the families of scribes that dwelt at Jabez: Tirathites,the Shimeathites, the Sucathites." They were exterminated for my sins, Being men that had wisdom and understanding to comprehend the Torah.

It is for them that I weep, that tears drop from my eye;

For the calamity of my people I am racked; darkness has descended, desolation has taken hold of me.

Elders have vanished from the gate; those who sound their voice toinstruct me are no more. This Torah -who will extol thee?

Gone are those who were wont to utter your words in my ear!

Who will explain and teach me your esoteric knowledge and yourcurled locks?

At the inception of the night vigils, arise, and mourn before yourMaster!

For the life of those who were wont to utter your words, allow

yourself no rest. Strive my soul, battle for me, O Lord, defend my case and right my wrong!

Avenge me, avenge the blood of Your Saints, O Lord, my Master, For naught can take their place. You have assured and told me - I will avenge their blood which I have not avenged; and my dwelling is in Zion.

As it is said: "And I will hold as innocent their blood which I have not avenged; and the Lord dwelleth in Zion." And it is said: "I have set their blood upon the bare rock, that it should not becovered." [12]

, . , , , , . ( , ) .

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, , . , , . , , , , .

... - , , - . , . , - , , .,,

... , , , , , ; , , . , , , , , .

... , , , . , : , , . ... [13]

, c , , [( , c , (. , )] , .!

. , , . , , , .

, , , C .

, . ( ) (.X, . 5) , . , ,( ), , : ( . .) [14].

, , : (c. ), , ( , ).

, when learned of this, they were overcome by fear, trembling, and pains, as of a woman in travail. They resorted to the custom of their ancestors: prayer, charity, and repentance. They decreed fast days, scattered days as well as consecutive ones, fasting for three consecutive days, night and day. They cried to the Lord in their trouble, but He obstructed their prayer, concealing Himself in a cloud through which their prayers could not pass. For it had been decreed by Him to take place "in the day when I visit,"' and this was the generation that had been chosen by Him to be His portion, for they had the strength and the fortitude to stand in His Sanctuary, and fulfill His word, and sanctify His Great Name in His world. It is of such as these that King David said: "Bless the Lord, ye angels of His, ye mighty in strength, that fulfill His word." [15] - , (, , (akedot)), , , , , . [16]

, (. , ) , , , , , . , , , , .[17] , .( , ).

, , . , ( - I, . ) . [18] 1084 . .[19] , , , , , . , , , , , 1204 . ( , ., ).

, , , . , , , .

, . , , , . , . , . , . , , .

, - , - , , , , .

 

 

 

 

, , , , , , , .

, :

- , , - , ( , - .. .

- , , , , - , , ( ).

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- , , ,

- , , , .

- , ,

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, , , , .

C :

:

:

1.) () "" . c . .1996

2.) (), ..1967

 

:

1. .. C. 1923

2. .. () 1874

3. ..

4. ..

5. ..

6. .C. : .

:

:

1.) The chronicle of Rabbi Eliezer bar Nathan

:

1.) S.Runcimen, A history of Crusades 3 vol. Cambr. 1951-54

2.) K. M. Setton (ed.) - // -, 6 vol, 1969-89

3.) R. Charzan, European Jews and the First Crusade, 1987

4.) Shlomo Eidberg, 1977 The Jews and Crusaders. The Hebrew Chronicles of the I,II rusades

5.) . , .

 

 


[1] . . , , . 98

[2] Shlomo Eidberg, 1977 The Jews and Crusaders. The Hebrew Chronicles of the I,II rusades, . 6

[3] .. . 1956 . 56

[4].) Shlomo Eidberg, 1977 The Jews and Crusaders. The Hebrew Chronicles of the I,II rusades, p. 15

[5] Shlomo Eidberg, 1977 The Jews and Crusaders. The Hebrew Chronicles of the I,II rusades p. 31

 

[6] R. Charzan, European Jews and the First Crusade, 1987 p. 35

[7] .. , c. 12

 

[8] .. C. 1923, c. 34

[9] .. () 1874 c. 17

[10] Shlomo Eidberg, 1977 The Jews and Crusaders. The Hebrew Chronicles of the I,II rusades p. 15

* .

** - 12-14 . ( . .)

[11] Shlomo Eidberg, 1977 The Jews and Crusaders p. 81

[12] Shlomo Eidberg, 1977 The Jews and Crusaders p. 84-85, , .

[13] Nicetae Choniatae. Op. cit., p. 572-575, 586591, 594595.

 

! . XI .4, , .

[14] . , . . . X . 5

[15] Shlomo Eidberg, 1977 The Jews and Crusaders p. 79

[16] . , . X . 9

[17] .

[18] . . . . XI, . 1

[19] .. C. 1923 . 37



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