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2

3 :

4 :

5 1915

o 5.1

o 5.2

6

o 6.1

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o 6.4

o 6.5

o 6.6

7

o 7.1

o 7.2

8

9

[ | -]

, .

(Ossowitz ) [ i 2] [ i 3]. , .

. 2 2,5 , (. Białogrądy Sojczynek). 1915 , [2].

[ | -]

24 (6 ) 1915 .

11- . [ i 4] 18- . 76- . . - .

[ i 5] 4:00 24 (6 ) 1915 30 . , 20 , 12 12 [3].

- , : 9, 10 11- , 12- 40 ; 60 . . . , [2]. , . 1600 , [4].

, 18- , . , 50 % , [2].

. 76- , , 12- [2].

, . - . . , . 8- 13- ( ) 14- [2].

13- 18- . , 1- 2- . 2- . [ i 6], , , [2].

8- 14- 12- . 8 . 11 , [2].

[5]:

, , , , - .

. . , 24 1915 .

, 24 [6]:

, -. , .

 

, , . , . , , , : , .

<> . .

13- 4- . [1].

: [ | -]

-
. . (1857?).

13- 226- . . , 1939 . , - . 1939 [7]. [2]:

13 8- , 50 % , ; 13- , 18- , . , , , , .

, , , . 1975 , . , , , 12- 1- , <..>, , , [8]. 1984 - [9]. , : , .

( , ⓻, ), , . 2009 , 95- , [10]:

, - . : , , , . 13- 226- , 60 . , , , , . <> .

- ( ), , 2009 .

2011 . [11], :

, , , 8- 13- , 100 . , - , , , . . , , , .

, . , , , [1]. 2012 - , - [12]. , - , .

. [1], [13] . . :

6 1915 .

2011 1939 [ i 7].

, , . , 100 , .

, .


: [ | -]

11- - (18511926)

[14], 18- . . 18- 70- 11- (.). (Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 18 70. Landwehr-Infanterie-Brigade 11. Landwehr-Division). 1915 1916[ i 8] - (Rudolf von Freudenberg)[15]. 1926 , [ i 9]. . , - , [16].

, , . , , . 55- [17]:

9- , 2- [ i 10], . , . , , , . , , .

. . : , , , , , .

1915 [ | -]

. .

, . ( ) .

[ | -]

. , . :

Cl2 + H2O → HCl + HClO

, . , [18].

, :

1. ( , ). , .

2. . , . , , [19].

[ | -]

. -, 1916 .

9 (22) 1915 . 18 (31) 1915 55- [20].

, 1915 , [4]. . , 18000 (.).[ i 11]. , . , , . . 1914 , [ i 12][21].

, , , . 1899 , , . 1915 , , [20].

20 , - 1915 .

, ( ). . , , . , . . . :

Na2S2O3 5H2O + 4Cl2 → Na2SO4 + H2SO4 + 8HCl

́ :

Na2S2O3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + 2H2O + SO2
Na2S2O3 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2 + S

, , - 1915 , , , . , , [ i 13]. . [20].

, [ i 14] . , ( ) . :

CO(NH2)2 + 2Cl2 → CO(NHCl)2 + 2HCl

[22], .

[ | -]

[ | -]

6 2015 - [23].

6 2015 ( ) 226- [24].

[ | -]

2012 , ; .

, ().

2014 - GjeldRune , , [25][26].

25 2014 iTunes 27 2014 , [27].

[ | -]

2014 [28]

, [29]

15 2015 , . , . 6 2015 .

, 2015 [30].

[ | -]

2015 226 , : . [31].

[ | -]

2014 .

[ | -]

2014 . , , [32].

[ | -]

[ | -]

1. ↑ : 1234

2. ↑ : 12345678 1939 . 7680.

3. 1935.

4. ↑ : 12 . . : // : ( ). 2012. 4.

5. . - : 24 // : / .- . . . .: . , 1915. 1291. . 497.

6. // . , 1915. 1104.

7. . 7 2013. 22 2013.

8. 1915 . // / . . . . .: , 1975. . 2. . 4243.

9. 1984 . 7172.

10. 2009

11. 2011

12. , !. . (1 2012). 7 2013. 22 2013.

13. Dead Men Attack

14. Histories of two hundred and fifty-one divisions of the German army which participated in the war (19141918) / US War Department. Washington: GPO, 1920. . 204205.

15. Wegner G. Die höheren Kommandostellen: 18151939. Osnabrück: Biblio, 1990. Bd. 1. S. 191. (Formationsgeschichte und Stellenbesetzung der deutschen Streitkräfte 1815-1991). ISBN 3764817801.

16. Deutsches Reich: Kaiserreich (1871-1918) einschließlich Norddeutscher Bund (1867-1871) (.). Das Bundesarchiv. 7 2013. 22 2013.

17. . 19141918 . / . . . . .: , 1923. . 1. . 114.

18. Romano J. A., et al. Chemical warfare agents: chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and therapeutics. US: CRC Press, 2008. . 5. ISBN 1420046616.

19. Edmonds J. E., Wynne G. C. Military operations: France and Belgium, 1915. London: Macmillan, 1927. Vol. 1. P. 177178.

20. ↑ : 123 . . 19141918 .. .: - , 1942. . 13 .

21. Heller C. E. Chemical warfare in World War I: The American experience, 1917-1918 (.) // Leavenworth Papers. US: Combat Studies Institute, 1984. No. 10.

22. Chattaway F. D. The action of chlorine upon urea whereby a dichloro urea is produced (.) // Proceedings of the Royal Society. London, 1908. Vol. 81, no. 549. DOI:10.1098/rspa.1908.0094.

23. - (.)

24. (ru-RU). . 11 2015.

25. GjeldRune. . GjeldRune.

26. gjeldrune.

27. -

28. , (.)

29. , (.)

30.

31. 226 .

32. (.)

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