. , ( ) , , , , , .
- . , () . , , , .
, - , : , , , , - , , , (sentence modifying adverbs ), (modal adverbs ).
() , , , ( , , )
() , : . , , , .
. , : actually, certainly, of course, definitely, truly, surely, : meseems, methinks, may be, may happen, .
.
, , :
| , , , , : | , : | |||
| .. | .. | |||
| certainly, surely, indeed | obviously, apparently | may be, perhaps | probably, possibly | supposedly, seemingly |
- :
:
.. :
|
|
|
1) .. ly, : seemingly, supposedly
2) .., :
- + e.g. indeed
- + e.g. may be
- + ( ) methinks
, : of course ..
:
- . :
) : surely
) (): perhaps, maybe, probably, possibly
) : fortunately, unfortunately, luckily, unluckily
- . .
- . . , , , .
E.g. Perhaps, dimly she saw a picture of a man walking up the road.
, , , , .
:
- , / (Yes. No)
- : perhaps, may be, probably, possibly, .
, .
(, , , ) , , (apparently, evidently, unfortunately), , - . :
1.
2. , .
.., , , , .
He apparently likes this work. (?) apparently -
She is apparently a good teacher. , -, . apparently .
9 . .
. , , : , , .
He wrote a letter. -
A chair is a piece of furniture. .
.
1. ( ,
| / | ||
| - ed, played, stayed | 1) keep kept -kept 2) be was, were been go went -gone | put- put -put |
2. ( , )
|
|
|
| , | , : 1) ( ); 2) ( , - , to be, to keep, to turn, to become) | , () , , |
, . :
1. , , (bring, catch, finish, arrive);
2. - , . (to continue, to exist, to live, to belong, to sleep);
3. (to feel, to walk, to move, to laugh, to look):
He moved quickly.
Nothing moved along it, except the bare trees in the wind. .
, . . , (, ). . , , . to approach. He approached. ( ). He was approaching. ( ).
:
1. ;
2. ;
3. (, , ).
, - .
, -, . , (Time) , . , . , shall/will , ( ).
E.g. Ill come. .
shall/will + , , .
Will you come tomorrow? .
time, - tense. . .
, , .
, .., - , . , . , . , .
|
|
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, , , , - , , .
, , , , . , , .
. , , ( Indefinite ). , , , , .
| Indefinite | Continuous | Perfect | Perfect Continuous | |
| Present | / | / | / | / |
| Past | / | |||
| Future | / | |||
| Future-in-the-Past |
/
-
, Future-in-the- Past , , .
, . (, , ) , , , .. , , . , ( - ).
10 2- , , ( ), ( ).
. .. , , -.
- , (), . , , .
4 (Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous). 1 Indefinite , . , .. .
| Indefinite | Continuous | Perfect | Perfect Continuous | |
| Present | - | + | + | + |
| Past | - | + | + | + |
| Future | - | + | + | + |
|
|
|
10.
, , .. . : (Indicative), (Imperative), (Subjunctive).
, , , .
, , .
.
. , -.
, ; ( to) , 3 e.g Stop talking!
:
- to;
- , ;
- : ( not to, don't);
- , , . , .
, .
: , , , .
:
1) be (if it be true)
2) were (if I were you)
3) , 1 , 3 (I suggest that he go)
, (Past Indefinite) (Past Perfect), (Had the terrorists been arrested)
, should/would (would you come)
. ., 16 , , . .
.
, 2 :
1)
2)
20 . , . , , 2 :
1) (Fact Mood)
2) (Thought Mood), ( ) 4 :
Subjunctive Mood (be/were)
Compulsive Mood (is to) -?
Conditional Mood (should/would)
Permissive Mood (may/might etc.)
Fact Mood Thought Mood Tense Mood (, )
.. , .. , .. .
.. . 4 :
1) 1, , (If he be, I suggest that he go)
2) 2, , (if it were, if I had known)
|
|
|
3) (should + Infinitive) (should you meet him)
4) , should/would (What would you answer if you were asked?)
, .., :
1) should/would +
2) be/were, if + Past Simple
3) (However it might be, for fear it should start)
.. , , should/would , if I knew/had known .
11.
, . : /. 3 ( + ).
, , , .. - , .
, , , .. .
E.g. He told me a story.( )
I was told a story. ( ).
.. , , (, ) , , .
, .. , , .
E.g. He wrote a letter. He heard a sound. ( )
, , .
E.g. He looked at me.
, -, , , .
, to live , , .. .
His whole life was lived in the pages of that monumental biography.
()
. , + , .
. (, ) , , , , , , , , , (- ) . , - -, -.
, , . , , , .
: - - .
, 5 , , (warm oneself, hurt oneself).
, , , .
2 ( , ):
1) , (to stretch oneself);
2) (to enjoy oneself).
, , . , , + , , , . + , .
She washed her child.
She washed herself.
, , , . , , , , .. , , . , , .
15 . , . .
12. .
18, 19, 20 . , .
50 20 .. , , 2 , . ( + : he went), (ladies and gentlemen) (fond of).
..
, .., - , , , .. .
. : phrase, word group, word cluster.
. (1933). : . .
1. , (). E.g. oor John Poor John ran away, John : John ran away. : John and Mary, John and Mary ran away, John Mary : John ran away and Mary ran away.
2. , . E.g. John ran beside John John ran away * John away *ran away.
.
(oor John) (John Mary).
(John ran) (beside John).
.
*
| , , , .. New books, a book of poems, to see a man etc. | () , , : 1) 2) | |||||
| : | ||||||
| , , , | () | |||||
| New faces New faces, . to see new faces, faces , new , to see . , to see . | He laughed Ladies and gentlemen | Wise old (man) , Wise old. , Wise old , . | ||||
| : | : | : | ||||
| ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | |||
| New faces Letter box Very quickly | To see faces To write letters | A folded sheet of paper | Red and green; Man, woman and children | He laughed | Wise old (man) | These important (decisions) |
:
| 1. , , E.g. green Green fruit Green Christmas | 1. , |
| 2. E.g. boy , To see a boy boy | 2. 2 , E.g, go home - Go! - |
| 3. () , .. |
. 3 .. , .
Terribly cold weather
(3)Terribly
(2)cold
(1)weather
2 ( 2 3) (weather), (cold) (terribly) . , , , , . , 4 , 3 , . 2 :
1. 3 ( , , ..)
2. , (.. , , )
13.
, . :
1.
2. , , ,
1. , ( ). , , . :
E.g. It was cold and we stayed at home we stayed it was cold
E.g. My sister and I - I
, E.g. cold and hungry, ladies and gentlemen, men and women.
2. . (), , . . ( ) (. 12 *).
, .
() - , .
E.g. to park carefully carefully , ; ; to park , .
Useful information - Useful - , ; ; information - , .
, .. , .
. , :
1. , , . .. , , , . (interdependence), . .
E.g. I am he loves the lesson being over
2. , ( .. )
E.g. his own (invitation) .
1) *his and own (invitation) (* - );
2) , .
, * own his (invitation).
( ) , , ().
, , , .
, , , . . .
:
| + Adj + N | / . + . N/Pronoun + V finite | + / V + N/ Pronoun | + V + Adverb |
| Happy faces My book | I am He knew | To write a letter Give me | To run fast To write bad |
, . .. , - .
E.g. to be clever being famous looking ill
, - : to look, to become, to get, to keep, to turn etc.
. 3 :
, , . , , .
E.g. to write letters - , () , .
To write letters regularly To write regularly, To write letters , , , .
( .) , . , . ., () . .
E.g. to be situated. The village is situated in a valley. in a valley . *The village is situated.
., to sing -, , (I, we, etc.) sing (a song, a tune etc.). To send , , .
, , . : E.g. this book these books he reads we read.
, () . , .
2 :
1) (to see him, meet me etc) 2) (to agree with me, to depend on him etc.)
, . .. , .
14. .
( ) - .
, .
.
- , .. 6 , , 6 () .
1. (Agentive)
2. (Instrumental)
3. (Dative)
4. (Locative)
5. (Factitive)
6. (Objective)
6 :
. . , , .
E.g. I read a note. A note was read by me.
. , . () .
E.g. The yard was overlooked.
. . , .
E.g. The child pronounced Daddy .
. , . , , , .
E.g. John broke the window with a stone. ( ).
The wind opened the door. ( ).
. .
E.g. He stayed in Moscow. ( ).
The wide playgrounds were swarming with the boys. ( ).
. .
E.g. Give me the letter. .
15.
.
() ,
- , ( , ).
- - .
, .
, : , , , , . :
| I hereby + V + that | |||
| () | The earth rotates. Water boils at 100 C. | I hereby state that | |
| () | Ill come | I hereby promise that | |
| () | Ill kill you. | I hereby menace that | |
| (, , ) | Lets go and sit up there. Send him back, he said again. | I hereby direct that | |
| ( . , ) | I congratulate you. I swear I guarantee | I hereby perform that | |
| ( ) | Why is it so? |
I have already told you of the sickness and confusion that comes with time travelling.
This is a complex declarative sentence which consists of the main clause and the subordinate clause connected with the subordinating conjunction that.
The main clause is: I have already told you of the sickness and confusion;
I is the subject expressed by personal pronoun in the singular form, the first person, Nominative case;
have told is a simple predicate expressed by the analytical form of the verb. It consists of the auxiliary have and the Participle 2 of the main verb derived from the verb to tell. The whole analytical form shows the Present Perfect Tense, Active Voice, Indicative Mood;
you is indirect object expressed by personal pronoun in the plural form, the 2nd person, objective case;
sickness and confusion is prepositional indirect object expressed by two nouns connected with coordinative conjunction and. The nouns are in the singular form, Common case.
The subordinate attributive clause is: that comes with time traveling;
that is a subordinate conjunction;
comes is a simple predicate expressed by the notional verb to come. It is in the 3rd person singular form, the Present Simple Tense, Active Voice, Indicative Mood;
with travelling is indirect prepositional object expressed by a noun in the Common case, singular form;
time is an attribute expressed by an adjective.
