:
1. .., .., .. ̳ : . . - .: -, 2002. - 406 .
2. .. . 2. .: " ", 2001. 484 .
.1.
, . - (.1):
- ;
, - ;
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, Sd , Dd - . 50 $9,5 .
, Pw , . w, Sd+w, , , . F, Q5, Q1. Q1Q5 . d w, Q3Q1 , . | 9,5 8 ., 80 , 20 . , 60 .
. , - - , . , , . , , w w+1, . (t) Sd+w+t. ( ) G, Q1Q2, Q5Q4. Q1Q5 Q2Q4. , , , . 8 9 ., 80 60 , 20 40 60 20 .
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+b+ +d++f+g, , . , , e+f+g. +b++d. ( ) ( ):
(revenue effect) . , , . , , . . .1 (60-40) $1 = $20;
(redistribution effect) , . -, , . .1 40 9 ., 360 . , , , 40 8 . 320 . , $360-$320=$40 . 20 40 , b (40 - 20) * $1/2=$10. $40-$10=$30. ;
(protective effect) , . , , , . , . , . . 1 , 20 40 Sd 8 . 9 . . - 20 Sd+w 8 . . b $9-$8=$1 ;
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(consumption effect) , . .1 d, (80-60) $'/2=$10 , , - n
Qd=5000-5P. Qs=100+2P. 500 . 20%.
P | Q | P | Q |
1( )=500 | Q 4=2500 | 1( )=500 | Q 1=1100 |
2( . )= 600 | Q 3=2000 | 2( . )= 600 | Q 2=1300 |
( , = , ) () = 1100*100+(1300-1100)*100/2 = 120000
( , ) (B) = (1300-1100)*100/2 = 10000
( , ) (C) = (2000-1300)*100 = 70000
( ) (D) = (2500-2000)*100/2=25000