translating ( , )
( )
(
-)
( () )
being translated
( ,
, . .)
having translated
,
.
Having been () (,
translated .)
15. (. ). .
Reading a book he , having read a book she , looking through the book I , having written the exercise the boy , meeting his friends Peter , having met his friends Peter , when landing the plane the team , having being landed the plane .
(THE INFINITIVE)
( ) , ?, ?. : to look , , to read , .
, , to, . to ( , ).
. , .. , ,
1) ,
2) ,
3) ,
4) ,
5) .
, , , , .. , , .
1.
, .
1) To sleep in the open air is more than pleasant, it is healthy.
is , .. , .
air .
: , .
2) To wait there was his only was out. .
3) To increase the speed of trains is a complicated problem.
, , , , the speed . , , , . , .
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: (?) .
4) To know English well is my aim. (? ?) .
, it, .
: It is difficult to solve this problem.
. (
).
, .
2.
, .
:
1) To increase the speed of trains is a complicated problem.
2) To increase the speed of trains/some additional lines/are required.
, , . some additional lines (. ), .
: , , . (: ).
, , , - , ..
3)/To find out his profession/ she brought a painting from her room and put it behind the shelves.
, , .
she - , , .
3. ().
, , . Indefinite Infinitive Passive (to be + Participle I I).
:
1) The ice-breaker /to be built/ is going to be very powerful.
. . , , , . .
: , , .
2) Another factor /to be taken into consideration/ is the lack of experience. , , - .
, , , .
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the first. the sec, the last . , to be .
:
3) He was the first to apply the new method of work. .
4) The captain is always the last to leave the ship. .
: , , . , , .. , , .
. 1. . .
1. .
1) To learn two foreign languages at one and the same time is not easy.
2) To learn two foreign languages at one and the same time one must work very hard.
2. - , , .
, , .
1) To raise oil extraction the geologists have to drill deeper.
2) To raise oil extraction is necessary.
.2. , . , . .
1. The houses to be built in our street will be 16 stories
2. We are to study the main laws of physics to solve this problem
3. To expand old universities is much cheaper then to build new ones.
4. To get the money he lightly gave any promise.
5. We began to develop new methods of teaching foreign languages.
6. To run into debt is to run into danger.
7. To get to Canada Eliza had to cross the Ohio River.
8. To translate this article I had to use a dictionary.
3. .2 . , . .
4. , . . .
1. This report includes all the data to be discussed.
2. To appreciate the present requires some historic perspective.
3. To be a successful scientist, one must possess certain characteristic qualities.
4. To launch rockets a new type of fuel was needed.
5. He agreed to help them.
6. To translate ancient manuscripts was a very difficult task.
7. To run into debt is to run into danger.
5. , . , to be ( ) .
: The Soviet Union was the first to launch the sputnik. .
1. The laboratory assistant () was the last to leave the lab.
2. She is always the last to learn the news.
3. Petrov is usually the first to do tests in mathematics.
4. Peter the Great was the first to build a fleet in Russia.
5. Emily Barton was the first to receive an anonymous letter that frightened her greatly.
6. The old man was the last to leave the cafe. Maybe he didnt want to stay alone (, ).
6 .
Active Passive
Indefinite to do to be done
(to be + Participle II)
Continuous to be doing
(to be + Participle I)
Perfect to have done to have been don
(to have + Participle II) (to have been + Participle II)
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Perfect to have been doing
Continuous (to have been +
Participle I)
(Active) , , . :
I want to help you. .
(Passive) , , . :
I want to be helped. , .
Indefinite , , , . :
They hope to become good specialists.
.
She likes to write long letters.
.
Continuous , , .
The weather seems to be changing. .
Perfect , , .
The professor is glad to have seen his former students.
, .
She is happy to have been bought a new dress.
, .
Perfect Continuous , , .
We know her to have been living here for two years.
, .
He is proud to have been working with his famous scientist for many years. , .
( )
, (.. ) , , . . , , .
:
+ + + 1)- 2)
-
1) Passive Voice
-
) to believe ,
to consider ,
to estimate - ,
to expect ,
to find ,
to know -
to report -
to say -
to think- ,
) to hear -
to see -
to feel ,
2) Active Voice
to appear , ,
-
to chance
to happen -
to prove
to seem , -
to turn out ()
3) to be
to be likely ,
to be unlikely -
to be certain ,
to be sure ,
, , ( + ). , , , .
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1. He is said to avoid all sorts of arguments.
, .
2. The construction of a new bridge was reported to have been completed.
, .(: ).
3. She seems to work hard.
, .
4. The human body is not likely to tolerate such temperature.
, .
, ( ) . - (,,, ..), , .. + , .
, - .
: He is known to have established a school of his own.
, , .
, , , . , . .
:
Molecular biology is likely to dominate science in the years to come. = It is likely [that molecular biology will dominate science in the years to come].
, .
( )
( + ) .
+ + + +
(me, you, him, her,
it, us, them)
1. Active Voice ( to say). . N1
)) .
To see
To feel
To hear
To notice
To watch
to
2.
To want
To wish
Should (would) like
3.
To make (to make somebody do something)
Let , ( to).
.
:
1. My parents wanted me to become an architect.
, .
2. We know this scientist to have made an important discovery.
, .
3. He saw this scientific centre grow day by day.
, .
4. Jane always made her younger sister clean the room.
.
, , , .
, . .
:
We know gravity to act on every particle of a body. = We know [that gravity acts on every particle of a body].
, .
: . . , , .
0 1 2 3 4
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+ + + +
1) . 1).( )
( ) 2)
2)
( 3)
)
3) 4)
4) 5)
5) 6)
6) . 7)
.. ..
6. , . .
1. To know the quantity of energy present in a body is very important.
2. Our country is known to possess rich mineral resources.
3. She was too young to study at school.
4. They are unlikely to change their plans.
5. The problems to be discussed at the conference are connected with future cosmic flights.
6. The properties of wood were known to ancient people who applied it to construction work.
7. The civilisation of ancient Egypt is said to be more advanced than of ancient China.
8. I am too busy to go there more then once a week.
7. , . , . .
1. I dont want you to go there alone.
2. I dont want to be sitting in the room in such a fine weather.
3. I group of journalists and photographers was waiting for the icebreaker to arrive.
4. We know the idea of space flights to have attracted the attention of people since the remotest times.
5. My sister made me accompany her.
6. He watched his little son build a sand castle.
7. I wish to be easy comfortable, I dislike tightfitting clothes.
8. We believe Pythagoras () to have been the founder of a school to train students in mathematical thinking.
8. , - . (. ). .
1. , . The delegation is reported (to come, to have come) yesterday.
2. , . Stone for the Egyptian pyramids (to be brought, to have been brought) from long distances.
3. , . The students seem (to have made, to be making) an experiment in the laboratory.
4. , . The group is certain (to be overcoming, to have overcome) great obstacles.
5. , . We know the project of the Channel Tunnel (to be worked out, to have been worked out) by researchers of Great Britain and France.
6. , . I know her (to be taking, to have been taking) the exam in Strength of Materials.
7. (, () . Everybody believes the members of the Artic expedition (to be well supplied, to supply) with warm clothes.
8. , , , , . We know him to travel every yeas in Siberia, at present he is posed (to be travelling, to have travelled) along the Angara.
9. .
1. This students is know to translate special articles.
2. A natural cave is supposed to have been the prototype of a stone house.
3. The parents think their son to follow bad examples.
4. Rice and cotton are believed to require hot climate.
5. They considered all water on the surface of this planet to have been liberated by volcanic action.
6. He is said to have graduated from Oxford University.
10. , (), ().
)
1. He is known to work at the same problem.
2. This substance seems to possess useful properties.
3. We expect her to come and help us.
4. He is not expected to be elected to this state body ().
5. The old woman is said to have been refused any help.
6. They know him to have been arrested several times for his revolutionary activities.
)
1)It is not expected that he will be elected to this state body.
2)It is known that he works at the same problem.
3)They known that he has been arrested several times for his revolutionary activities.
4)It seems that this substance possesses useful properties.
5)We expect that she will come and help us.
6)It is said that the old women has been refused any help.
