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Modal verbs and their equivalents ( )

3

12.07.14

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: Scientists and Their Discoveries

1. Isaak Newton

2. Michael Faraday

3. M.V.Lomonosov

4. Dmitry Mendeleev

1. Passive Voice ( )

2.

3. Modal verbs and their equivalents ( )

4. some, any, no

, :

 

Passive Voice ( )

- , (. ).

to be + Participle II

Present Simple am, is, are asked
Past Simple was, were asked
Future Simple will, shall be asked

 

- , , to. :

 

1. To read English books is useful .
2. I like to read English books in the original. .
3. Our aim is to master the English language. .
4. He worked hard to master the English language. , .
5. Here is the book to be read as soon as possible. , .

Modal verbs and their equivalents ( )

, (, , ) , . , .

Present Past Future
, can could shall/ will be able to
I can skate. - . I coul d skate. . I ll be able to skate there.-
, may might/ was(were) allowed shall/ will be allowed to
You may go home. . I was allowed to go home. .( ) You will be allowed to go home.- .( )
, must  
I must do it now. .
- have/has to had to shall/will have to
I have to help him.- . I had to go there. / . He will have to go there.- /

some, any, no


some, any, no . some, any. no .

 

, Can I have some tea? Some (, ) : There are some books on the table
: There arent any books on the table Any (, : Are there any books on the table?
  No () There are no books on the table.

 

1.

1. :

1.What laws did Newton discover?

2. Can you formulate the Law of Universal Gravitation?

Isaak Newton

1. Isaak Newton was born in 1642 in the family of a poor farmer.The boy began his first scientific experiments at school.

2. While studying at Cambridge University, Newton formulated the binomial theorem. In 1662 Cambridge was closed because of the plague and Newton returned to his native village. For the two next years he devoted himself to scientific experimentation.

3. Newtons great discovery was the law of decomposition of light. The scientist proved that the white light of the sun is composed of rays of light of all colours of rainbow. He also discovered the Law of Universal Gravitation which states that every particle of matter is attracted by every other particle of matter with a force inversely proportional to the square of their distance apart

4. Newton applied the principle of gravitation to prove that the power which guides the Moon around the Earth and the planets around the Sun is the force of gravity. Another application of the Law of Universal Gravitation was Newtons exploration of the tides.

5. Newton was highly honoured by his countrymen and in 1703he was elected the President of the Royal Society. Sir Isaak Newton died in 1727 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

2. 3, 4.
3. .
4. :
1. Newton (was performed, performed) many experiments with light.

2. When Cambridge (was closed, closed) in 1662, Newton returned to his native village.

3.Mass (is measured, measured) in grams or kilograms.

5. :

1. To carry out this experiment will take you a lot of time.

2. The experiment to be carried out in our laboratory is very important.

3. He forgot to register the results of the experiment

6. - Past Indefinite Tense ( ) can, may, must :

1. He must work hard to finish his experiment.

2. I can devote myself to scientific work.

3. You may repeat your experiment.

7. some, any, no:

1. The metric system has (some, any, no) advantages over the English System.

2. Do you remember (some, any, no) facts from Newtons biography?

3. The young engineer had(some, any, no) experience in such work.

2
1. :

1. What was the boy interested in?

2. Which of Faradays discoveries do you know?


Michael Faradey

 

1. Michel Faraday, English experimental physicist, was born in 1791 in a poor family. The boy began to work as an apprentice at a bookbinders shop at an early age. One day a man entered the shop and found the boy studying an article on electricity. The man was surprised to see a boy so interested in such a difficult subject and gave him four tickets to the lectures at the Royal Institutions.

2. The boy went to the lectures and made notes of what he heard. At the end of the lecture he came to Sir Humphry Davy, the great English scientist and showed him his notes. Davy was surprised. Later he made Faraday his assistant and helped him in his education.

3. Faraday had many important discoveries. among his works are the concept of magnetic field and the magnetic lines of force, production of new kinds of optical glass and research on electrolysis.

4. Faraday produced the first mechanical motion by means of a permanent magnet and an electric current. This is the principle upon which the modern electric motor is based.

5. Faraday was very modest and he loved his work more than honours. He refused to become the President of the Royal Society and also refused to be knighted.

2. 1, 2, 3.
3. .
4. :

1. The unit of electricity farad (was named, named) after M. Faraday.

2. The first lightning rod (was invented, invented) by B. Franklin, the outstanding American scientist.

3. At Cambridge Newton (was read, read) with great interest the writings of Galileo.

5. :

1. In 1810 Faraday began to attend lectures on natural philosophy.

2. To study the nature of light and colour Newton carried out many experiments with a prism.

3. The lecture to be delivered by a well-known scientist is devoted to the problem of ecology.

6. - Future Indefinite Tense ( ), :

1. He must check the temperature three times a day.

2. In this figure you can see a diagram of temperature changes.

3. He may use a barometer to measure the atmospheric pressure.

7. some, any, no:

1. The book contained (some, any, no) diagrams`.

2. Are there (some, any, no) diagrams in the book?

3. We have (some, any, no) information on this problem.

3

 

1. :

1. How old was Lomonosov when he left his native village?

2.When was the first Russian University founded?


M.V.Lomonosov

 

1. M.V.Lomonosov was born in 1711 in the village of Denisovka near Archangelsk in the family of a fisherman. At the age of 17 he left his native village and made his way to Moscow. In Moscow he entered the Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy. Lomonosov didnt finish his last grade, as he was sent with eleven other pupils to St. Petersburg to study at the Academy of Science.

2.Less than a year after he came to Petersburg Lomonosov was sent abroad to study metallurgy and mining. In 1741 Lomonosov returned to Russia and began to teach chemistry and physics at the Academy.

3.Lomonosov established the fundamental law of chemical change of substances which is called the Law of Conservation of Mass.

4.Lomonosov founded a new science that we call today physical chemistry. He also studied electrical phenomena in atmosphere of the Earth, the nature of light, and designed an improved telescope. Lomonosov considered nature to be in a state of constant change and development. Coal, oil, etc. were all formed as a result of evolution.

5.Lomonosov was a great scientist. His works in poetry had a great influence on Russian Literature. Owing to his efforts, the first Russian University was founded in Moscow. This university bearing his name became the centre of knowledge and science in Russia.



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