TEXT 2
1. In order to simplify the problem of running trains all railways are divided into divisions. A division may be of different length. Each railway has two kinds of trains: regular and extra. Regular train is listed in the railway time-table; it has definite time for arrival and departure. All regular trains may be both freight and passenger trains. Passenger trains may be fast and local; freight trains are used for carrying goods. Extra trains are not scheduled in the time-tables. The work of the operation department is a very complicated business. It includes the timing of trains and making of separate working programs for locomotives, carriages and their crews (driver, firemen and guards) respectively; and in general, all questions that concern the operation of trains.
2. The staff of the operation department at a railway includes district controllers, station masters, inspectors and supervisors, signalmen and gatekeepers, engine-masters, firemen and guards; ticket collectors, porters, shunters and other workers.
3. Usually the varied staff is under control of one chief operating manager. Railway journeys usually begin and end at the passenger station. The efficiency of a railway passenger station is determined by train capacity. The two principal factors that determine the maximum train capacity of a railway passenger station are, first, the length and number of platform lines and, second, their layout and the layout of the lines that communicate with them. Much attention is given to planning of the rail approaches to a station in so that the departing and arriving trains may interfere with each other as little as possible.
4. The most complicated task in the operating business is the making of time-tables. In order to make up a time-table many factors have to be taken into account. The fact is that the railways make up different time-tables for the summer and the winter service and that the weekday time-table is not the same as the weekend time-table. Besides, one should not forget that express trains and slow local trains have to run on the same tracks. And it is these tracks which are also used by freight trains, whether they are slow or fast, diesel-powered or electrically-operated. Having taken into account these and many other factors one may get an idea what difficulties are encountered when making a time-table.
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to simplify
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capacity
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operating business
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1. The work of the operation department.
2. Staff of the operation department
3. The efficiency of a railway passenger station.
4. Making of time-tables.
