- .
. ; :
, , , . , 4-5 . 8-9 . 80 .
- 9-10 . .
- (3 . + 3 . + 3 = 114 116 ). 2- .
- (10-12 ).
- - .
- 15%.
- 9-10 . 110 .
- . - ( 200 ), - ( 250 . ), 4- 8- 500 . , - 500-600 .
- . , 1 3,54,5 , 67 , 1 78 910 .
.
. 2011 4500 . 40 % - 255 , 13 % - , 950 , 47 % - 6800 (Pig research center, 2013). , , .
2008 140 . , 50 % (ROGUET et al., 2010). , , . 2012 9 . (Pig research center, 2013). , (ROGUET et al., 2010).
25 000 1980 2 412 2012 (Roguet, 2012; PVE, 2013). 2012 75% , . 445 . 7 ( 2012 ) (PVE, 2013). , , : , - . : , , . , ( ); , (Roguet et al., 2011).
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- 196 . ( ). , . , 20 % , , , . , . - . , 2000, 2010 .
. , , . . " ". , , : , - . 1992 65%.
( , ) (Key and Mac Bride, 2007). . , , ( Tyson Foods, Smithfield Foods .) (Lowe and Gereffy, 2008). , 65% 1992 18 % 2004 (Key and Mac Bride, 2007).
. , . , , . , , . , (Knox et al. 2005). , , , , , . . , (, ..). , , , (Barkema and Cook, 1993). . , , . . , (Knox et al., 2005).
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. . , . . , . (42% ), (32%) (25%). . , , . . Canada Pork International (CPI) - . .
" ". 1978 , , , , 1,3 . 30 , , " ", . 20- , " " - .
- "" . -1978 , . 1980 2009 58 . , , , -. Shuanghui ( " ") Smithfield Foods, , , Shuanghui ( "" - ), . Shuanghui-Smithfield , , .
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, , . (, , ) , , . , ; , , .
- , . 1950- 329 . - 2% , , 14% (2,2 . ), - 30% (4,6 . ).
, , . , 2002 270% (600 . ) 2000-, : 3% 11% . , - 2003- . , ABIPECS, , , , , -. 70 . , , , .