, ... ., - .2
1ORCID: 0000-0002-1825-0097, - (), .
2ORCID: 0000-0002-1825-0023, -.
- (), - , .
: .
: , .
Abstract: the necessity of activating the antifreeze additive, winter concreting.
Keywords: antifreeze additive, expert studies.
. .
:
- ;
- ;
- , ;
- [1].
.
, . , .
. 12 , . 1. , - . .. , . [2]
1
% , | ||
? | - - | |
? | - | |
? | ||
? | - | |
? | - | |
? | ||
? | - | |
-20 | ||
? | ||
- ? |
, , , .
|
|
- , . 2.
2
. | . . | ||
/ | 50-200 1 2 | ||
/ | 600-1500 1 | ||
, | . | 100-300 1 2 | |
. | 10-50 1 / | ||
/ | 300-1000 1 |
, . 3 , [3] [4]:
. | ||
35-42 % 8-10 % 2 % | -5 | |
75-85 % 6-14 % 6-14 % | -20 | |
- - 33 % -- - 67-80 % | -10 | |
-10 | ||
-65% -30% - 5% | -25 | |
-20 70 | ||
-15 |
, . , . 100% 10 , .[5]
, , . , , . . - . . - , . .
|
|
- , .
:
1. .. . . . - , 2002 .
2. .., .. . () , 1995, 1. . 229-232.
3. .. . . 2009 . .461
4. Stroyportal. : . www.stroyportal.ru
5. .. ( . ). , 2004 . .298