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. .

1. . :

:

.

2. 1 ( ). .

3. , , . . .

4. , , , ..

, □, .

:

1) . .

2) .

3) .

. .

. . .

1) ; ;

2)

: 1. ;

2. ;

3. ;

4. ;

5. ;

3) 6. (2, 4)

7. (3, 5)

8. (1, 6)

9. .

, , . . , . .

5.

5.1.

, .

, , : . .

1. n , 1´ 2´´ n , n x 1, 2,..., n, 1, 2,..., n, 1, 2,..., n .

( 1, 2,..., n) : 1´ 2´´ n {0,1}. , ( 1, 2,..., n) 1´´ n {0,1}, 0, ( 1, 2,..., n) 1, . 1, 2,..., n , 1, 2, , n, . , . .

1. " " , , : Z {0, 1}. Z, {0, 1}.

2. " < " " " , R ´ R Z ´ Z .

2. ( 1, 2,..., n), 1´ 2´´ n, ( 1, 2,..., n) 1´ 2´´ n, ( 1, 2,..., n) .

: P + ={( 1, 2,..., n): l ( ( 1, 2,..., n)) =1}.

.

1. (, ):" ", ´ ,
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, + = {(1,1), (2,1), (3,1), (4,1), (5,1), (6,1), (4, 2), (6, 2), (6,3)}.

2. (,y): " x < ", 1´ 2, 1 = {1, 2, 3}, 2 = {2, 4, 6}, P+ = {(1,2), (1,4), (1,6), (2,4), (2,6), (3,4), (3,6)}.

3. ( 1, 2,..., n) Q ( 1, 2,..., n), 1´ 2´´ n, , ( 1, 2,..., n) 1´ 2´´ n, , += Q+. Q ( 1, 2,..., n), 1´ 2´´ n ( 1, 2,..., n), , 1, 2,..., n 1, 2,..., n, ( 1, 2,..., n), , .

 

5.2.

4. ( 1, 2,..., n), 1´ 2´´ n, ( 1, 2,..., n), , ( 1, 2,..., n) 1´ 2´´ n, ( 1, 2,..., n) , ( 1, 2,..., n) .

, (): " 3", = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} : " 3". + = {0, 3, 6, 9}, ()+ = {1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8}.

+ , (M ).

5. n ( 1, 2,..., n) Q ( 1, 2,..., n), 1´ 2´´ n, n ( 1, 2,..., n) Q ( 1, 2,..., n), ( 1, 2,..., n) 1´ 2´´ n, ( 1, 2,..., n) Q ( 1, 2,..., n) .

6. n ( 1, 2,..., n) Q ( 1, 2,..., n), 1´ 2´´ n, n ( 1, 2,..., n) Ú Q ( 1, 2,..., n), ( 1, 2,..., n) 1´ 2´´ n, ( 1, 2,..., n) Q ( 1, 2,..., n) .

7. n ( 1, 2,..., n) Q ( 1, 2,..., n), 1´ 2´´ n, n ( 1, 2,..., n) Q ( 1, 2,..., n), ( 1, 2,..., n) 1´ 2´´ n, ( 1, 2,..., n) , Q ( 1, 2,..., n) . .

8. n ( 1, 2,..., n) Q ( 1, 2,..., n), 1´ 2´´ n, n ( 1, 2,..., n) Q ( 1, 2,..., n), ( 1, 2,..., n) 1´ 2´´ n, ( 1, 2,..., n) Q ( 1, 2,..., n) , . .

( 1, 2,..., n) Q (y 1, y 2,..., ym) , , , , (n + m k) , k , .

, , , : () (). () , , () P (x) (), " " " ".

1. () " 7", Z. : " Z 7" " Z, 7". , () () () , , . .

. ( 1, 2,..., n) n , Q ( 2,..., n)= ( 1, 2,..., n), R ( 2,..., n)= ( 1, 2,..., n), 2, 2,..., n, (n 1) .

, , , . , , .

2. (, y) , " 2 + 2 1" R ´ R. (, y) , 1, . Q (y)= x P (x, y), R (x)= (, ), S = x y P (x, y). Q (y) , R. . , Q , Q+ = Æ. R (x) , , . [1, 1]. , R. S , . S , , . . , , [1, 1], . S .

5.3.

, , . n ( 1, 2,..., n) Q ( 1, 2,..., n) 1´ 2´´ n, :

1) , ;

2) Q + Q+, ;

3) Q + Q+, ;

4) Q ;

5) Q .

. ():" " Q (x): " ", = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}. : + = {2, 4, 6, 8}, Q+ = {3, 6}. , (1)(5)

) {1, 3, 5, 7}, {l, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8};

) {3, 6} = {6};

) = {2, 4, 6, 8} {3,6}= {2, 3, 4, 6, 8};

) ={1, 3, 5, 7} {3,6} ={1, 3, 5, 6, 7};

) ={1, 3, 5, 6, 7} {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}= {1,5,6,7}.

 

5.4.

9. ( 1, 2,... n), 1´ 2´´ n, , ( 1, 2,..., n) 1´ 2´´ n ( 1, 2,..., n) , ( 1, 2,..., n) 1´ 2´´ n, ( 1, 2,..., n) . ( 1, 2,... n), 1´ 2´´ n, , ( 1, 2,..., n) 1´ 2´´ n, ( 1, 2,..., n) , ( 1, 2,..., n) 1´ 2´´ n ( 1, 2,..., n) .

, , . " x P (x) , () . . $ () , () .

 

5.5. .

. , :

: , , z, xi, yi, zi ();

: , Q, R, i, Qi, Ri,

(i N);

n () : (,...,), Q (,...,), R (,...,), i (,...,), Qi (,...,), Ri (,...,) (i N) ;

: ;

: ", $;

: (,) ;, .

10. ( ).

1. .

2. n ( 1, 2,..., n) .

3. F, G , , , (), (F Ù G), (F Ú G), (F G), (F G) .

4. F , , F, " x F (x) $ x F (x) .

5. .

 

, , , , , .

, .

11. F G , , , , , .

. , , :

1. : , .

2. :

;

.

3. Q , :

, ;

, .

4. :

, .

5. :

, .

5.6.

12. F () , , , , () . ( ) , , , ( ) . (), , , ( ) .

F G (F G).

1. , x y , N = .

, x y, x, . , x, y. . , .

 

2. , .

A , . , , . , - y:x, A , , , . , y<x, A , , . , A .

3. , .

, A M, :

.

A .

4. , .

, , , , A.

13. F', F, , F' , , . () F , , .

, " $ (), F .

.

. .

.

, . , , . , . 1936 . ׸. , . , , .

6. ()

, .

. , -. , ( ):

(P1) ;

(P2) ,

t x.

modus pones (MP) :

(");
($ ),

F.

.

.

.

. ,

.

. :

 


1. .., .. . . : . 3 ., . .: , 2008. 288 .

2. : , , / .. . 7- . .: , 2005. 268 .: .

3. .. : . . .. / ... 2- .,. .: , 2006. 304 .

4. .. : . . .. / ... .: , 2004. 448 .

5. .., .., .. . 2- . .: , 2002. 128 .

6. . . I: . / . . . -; . ... , 2005. 48 .

 

 


1. ... 3

1.1. 3

1.2. 5

1.3. . .. 6

1.4. .....11

1.5. 18

1.6. 21

2. .25

2.1. 25

2.2.
.... 30

2.3.
- .................. 33

3. ... 35

4. Ʌ.41

5. .... 43

4.

5.

5.1. .. 43

5.2. .... 45

5.3. - ..48

5.4. ... 50

5.5. .
. 50

5.6. ⅅ 52

6. . 55

.. 57


 





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