: , ( 1949). . .
:
C = E + T,
culture, E energy, T technology.
, , ( ). . . , . , , , . , , . , .
. , 1/20 . : 1) , 2) , 3) . , , .
1) , 2) , , 3) . (1979: 208) : .
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(1975) . . , , . . , , . , , , . , .
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. (Wittfogel, 1896 1987) , . , . , . 1938 . ( ) . . , . , , , , . . 1957 . .
, . (. 1955: : . ). , : , (1949). 6- - (1946 1950).
1955 . (Theory of culture change). , . culture change ( ) . , , , , , . . , - , , . ( ).
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. : . .
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, , ( ). . , , , , , . . , (core), . - , .
11. . , -, , , , , , " , " (Whilley and Sabloff 1986: 182). .
. , . : .
(Service) (Sahlins, . 1930) , - . . . , ( - " " ). :
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band tribe chiefdom state ( ).
: . . , 1962 (. Service. 1962. Primitive social rganization) - 1975 . (Origins of the state and civilization) . . , 1968 (M. Sahlins. 1968. Tribesmen). (1967) , : , ( ) ( ).
, , (Harris, . 1929). , (Drew 1984). , , . , , , . , , , . , , , . , .
, . , , , , . , , - . -- --- . , . . .
(1964).
: (1968).
, . 1960 . " " , . , , , (Energy), (Environment). :
= .
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12. - ̸. , . ̸ (Murdock, 1897 1985, . 5) , . 3 . , ( ) . , , , . . , , , . .
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1945 . . , , . ( principle of limited possibilities ). , , , . . , , , , . . : . , .
̸ . , , , , . . . , , , , . , .
(1949). , . ̸ ( ). , , ̸. , ̸, , , .
. . . - , , , , ; , . . () . ̸ .
, . . .
, , , . . ̸ . , .
1937 . (cross-cultural survey). , . , , . . ̸ , , , . , , .
- - (Human Relations Area Files HRAF). 1967 ., , . . 240 , , , ( ). , 80- , . .
: 8 , , . , (, . .), ( ), . : . 79 , , : , . , , , ( ).
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, , , , ( ). , ̸ 1969 . - (World Ethnographic Sample) 186 ( ) 60 . , 34 , , , , .
, 1962 ., 1967 . ̸ (World Ethnographic Atlas). ( 1000). 100 , , ( 6- ). , .
: , ( ) , . . ̸ , . , , . , , , . .
̸ , . . , , , , . : , . ̸ , . , ̸ (Coult and Haberstein 1965; Erasmus and Smith 1967; Naroll 1970).
, , , , , . ̸ . . .
13. . - , . . , . , , , , .
(Robert John Braidwood, 1907 - 2004, . 6) , . 1929 ., , . , . , , , , . , , . 1930 31 . ( : ), 1933 . ( ) .
, 1933 . , 1937 . , , . , , , " " ( , ). (Henry Frankfort, 1897 - 1954), . , , , 1929 . , , . , . , . , , . , . , ( " " 1927 .) (" " 1952 .). . . .
1938 . ( 1960 ., 22 ) 31- , , 1943 . , . , ", , -. , " (Breadwood 1989: 92).
, , , IX . C 1946 c , (gap-chart). . . , - , . ( ) , , - , . 1947 . , . , . : ( , 1947, 1955). 1983 ., . . 28 .
. , , . . - site-name digging " -" (Braidwood 1972: 48), , , , , . ( ), . , . , , ( , ), , , , , . ( , ) .
, . , ( ) . 6000 . ., 4750. , . 6750 ( ).
1958 . . 50- 60- , . , , , , , - . , - , , . " - , . : , , " (Braidwood 1951: 85). . , . , , .
1963 . , - , . (Braidwood 1972: 51), , , . , (. 7)