. :
) ( β - ), ;
) ( , );
) ( , );
) ( ).
, .
. 25 . 5-10 .
20% .
N, 2 t=5-10 .
1.
1
| - | - U () | - t () | 1 | 2 | |||||
| N |  ,
/
| - Δn | N | ,
/
| - Δn | ||||
n = f(U) c .
, , 100 . .
2. .
1. .
2. N, KCl , 2 . t = 5 . n 1
3. β c N1, N2 N12. , β , , . 10 .
4. 2.
2
| \ | t (.) | N1 . | 
./
| N2 . | 
./
| N12 . | 
./
|
5.
1. ? ?
2. ? ?
|
|
|
3. .
4. , .
5. . ?
6. , ?
6.5
β -
: β - , β - .
pp : "" , β - ( KCl), .
β - .
, β- . , , . :
1) ;
2) ;
3) ;
4) .
