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.

 

, . :

11 121n

21 222n , , = (ij) m,n

= ..

m1 m2mn

 

ij , i- , j- ;

m ;

n .

 

m, n (m , n ).

m=n, n- .

, , , , , n, n . ,

1 0 0

3 = 0 1 0 - 3- .

0 0 1

 

=+, . . ,

11 12 11 12 11+11 12+12

= 21 22 , = 21 22, = + = 21+21 22+22 .

31 32 31 32 31+31 32+32

, . . ,

11 12 11 12

= 21 22, = = 21 22.

31 32 31 32

 

. , - -.

 
 


11

= × = 11 12 13 × 21.

31

 

= 11 , 1- 2- :

11 = 1111 + 1221 + 1331.

.

11 12 13 11 12 13

=, = 21 22 23.

21 22 23 31 32 33

 

 

, :

× = .

m ×p p× nm × n

, , . , , . :

           
     


11 12 13 11 12 13 11 12 13

× 21 22 23 =.

21 22 23 31 32 33 21 22 23

2 ×3 32 × 3

 

11 1- 1- :

11 = 1111 + 1221 +1331.

12 1- 2- :

12 = 1112 + 1222 +1332.

13 1- 3- . , 1- , 2- 3- .

1-, 2- 3- , :

11 12 13 11 12 13 11 12 13

× 21 22 23 =.

21 22 23 31 32 33 21 22 23

 

 

21 = 2111 + 2221 +2331.

 

, :

× ≠ ×

i- i- . .

 

: : (C 2E3)2 + RQT.

( C, Q, R 1).

 

: (C 2E3)2 + RQT =

2

3 2 0 1 0 0 7 0 6 3

= -4 5 1 - 2× 0 1 0 + 2 -4 × 2 0 =

-2 3 4 0 0 1 1 3 1 -4

           
     


1 2 0 1 2 0 7 0 6 2 1

= -4 3 1 × -4 3 1 + 2 -4 × 3 0 -4 =

-2 3 2 -2 3 2 1 3

           
     


-7 8 2 42 14 7 35 22 9

= -18 4 5 + 0 4 18 = -18 8 23

-18 11 7 15 2 -11 -3 13 -4.

 

 

.

 

() .

11 12

=

21 22

, 1122 2112.

 

:

1112

det A, ,, 2122 , .

, , , , , , , , , , . ,

2 -1

0 3

2- , . 2, -1, 0, 3. 2×3 0×(-1) = 6.

 

- , , .

ij Mij.

11 12 13

, 21 22 23

31 32 33

11 12 13 22 23 21 23

11 = 21 22 23 =, 12 = ..

31 32 33 32 33 31 33

ij ij = (-1)i+j Mij.

, :

22 23

11 = (-1)1+1 11 = 11 =,

32 33

21 23

12 = (-1)1+2 12 = - 12 = , ..

31 33

, :

- () .

:

2 4 6 3 0 1 0 1 3

1 3 0 = 2×(-1)1+1 + 4×(-1)1+2 + 6×(-1)1+3 =

-5 2 0 2 0 -5 0 -5 2

2×0 4×0 + 6×17=102.

. , :

2 4 6 1 3

1 3 0 = 6×(-1)1+3 + 0 + 0 = 102.

-5 2 0 -5 2

 

, . , , .

( ). .

:

1. det A = det AT.

 

2. , , ( ), , :

11 12 21 22

21 22 = - 11 12.

 

3. - () k k, :

11 12 11 12

k21 k22 = k 21 22.

 

4. :

) - ()

) - () , .

 

5. , - , , :

11 12 13 11 12 13

21 22 23 = 21 22 23.

31 32 33 31+k11 32+ka12 33+ka13

 

.

 

, .

1 1 1 1 2 3

1: 2 2 2, 1 2 3 = 6.

3 3 3 1 2 3

: , .

1 2 3 1 1 1

= 1 2 3, 2 2 2 = det AT = det A = 6.

1 2 3 3 3 3

       
   


2: 64 5

32 15

 

: 1- 32, 2- 5:

64 5 2 1

= 32×5 = 160×5 = 800

32 15 1 3

 

2. .

, ( ):

111 + 122 ++ 1nn = 1

211 + 222 ++ 2nn = 2 (1)

n11 + n22 ++ mnn = n

 


, (1) :

 

11 + 12 ++ 1n 1 1

21 + 22 ++ 2n × 2 = 2 (2)

n1 + n2 ++ mn n n


 

A×X = B, (3)

 

A ;

;

– .

:

11 + 12 ++ 1n

21 + 22 ++ 2n (4)

=

n1 + n2 ++ mn

 

 

:

- , .

- , (), .

:

- ;

- ;

- .

≠ 0, (1) . = 0, , .

≠ 0, (1) , :

1= 1 , 2= 2, ,n= n.

 
 


1 (4) 1- ; 2 , 3 . .:

112 1n 111 1n 1112 1

222 2n 212 2n 2122 2

1= .., 2= .., n =

nn2 mn n1n mn n1n2 n

 

, , , 1, 2, 3, , , z, .

x + 2y + 3z = 14

: 2x + y =13.


2x + 3y 4z = 23

.

1 2 3 14 2 3 1 14 3 1 2 14

= 2 1 0 =24; = 13 1 0 =96; = 2 13 0 =120; Z= 2 1 13 =0.

2 3 -4 23 3 -4 2 23 -4 2 3 23

 
 


= 24 ≠ 0, :

= = 96/24 =4; = y = 120/24 = 5; z = z = 0/24 = 0.

, = 4; = 5; z = 0.

 

.

, . , , . , , .

-, , , , , , , , , .

:

1 ;

2 , ;

3 , ;

4 ( 0 = 0).

( -) .

3 + 4z = 5

: 2 + z = 5.

+ 2 + 2z = 4

. :

3 -1 4 5

2 1 -1 5

1 2 2 4

, , , . , , . , :

3 -1 4 5 1 2 2 4 1 2 2 4

2 1 -1 5 (1) 2 1 -1 5 (2) 0 -3 -5 -3 (3)

1 2 2 4 3 -1 4 5 0 -7 -2 -7

1 2 2 4 1 2 2 4 1 2 2 4

0 3 5 3 (4) 0 3 5 3 (5) 0 1 -8 1 (6)

0 7 2 7 0 1 -8 1 0 3 5 3

 

1 0 18 2 1 0 18 2 1 0 0 2

0 1 -8 1 (7) 0 1 -8 1 (8) 0 1 0 1

0 0 29 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

 

(1) 1- 3- (.. 1- 3- );

(2) 1- . 2- 1-, -2, 3- 1-, -3 (.. 2- 1-, -2, 3- 1-, -3);

(3) 2- 3- -1;

(4) 2- . 3- 2-, -2;

(5) 2- . 2- 3- ;

(6) 2- . 1- 2-, -2, 3- 2-, -3;

(7) 3- , 3- . 3- 29;

(8) 3- . 1- 3-, , -18, 2- 3-, 8.

 

, . :

1

+ 0 + 0z = 2

0 + 1 + 0z = 1.

0 + 0y + 1z = 0

= 2; = 1; z = 0.

:

, -1, ×-1 = -1× = , , .

Det ≠ 0, -1,

Det A = 0, -1 .

-1 = (1/det )×(٧),

Av- , :

11 121n

٧ = 21 222n

....

n1 n2nm

(1) :

× X = (5)

, , - ;

X .

det ≠ 0, -1. (5) -1 :

-1×× = -1× .

-1 × = , × = X,

X:

X = -1× . (6)

, det ≠ 0, , .

 

2 + 3 z = 8

: 2y z = 3

x 2y + 3z = -3

 

2 3 -1 8

: 0 2 -1 × = 3

1 -2 3 z -3

× = . = -1×,

2 3 -1 11 12 13

-1=(1/det )×(٧), det = 0 2 -1 = 7, ٧ = 21 22 23 .

1 -2 3 31 32 33

 

det ≠ 0, , . :

 

11 = 4; 12 = -1; 13 = -2; 21 = -7; 22 = 7; 23 = 7; 31 = -1; 32 = 2; 33 = 4;

4 -1 -2 4 -7 -1 4 -7 -1

٧ = -7 7 7; (٧)= -1 7 2; -1=1/7 -1 7 2;

-1 2 4 -2 7 4 -2 7 4

4 -7 -1 8 32 21 + 3 2

= 1/7 -1 7 2 × 3 = 1/7 -8 + 21 6 = 1.

-2 7 4 -3 -16 +21 12 -1

: = 2, = 1, z = -1.

.

= , -1. , -1 . :

X = -1 .

Y× = , -1. -1 . Y:

Y = B×C-1.

×× = -1 -1 . :

X = -1 -1.

1 -3 -1 -2 -9 2

: 2 2 0 × = 4 8 -2

2 4 2 12 16 -2

. ×=. =-1×.

1 -3 -1 11 12 13

-1 = (1/det )×(٧), det A = 2 2 0 = 12, ٧= 21 22 23 ;

2 4 2 31 32 33

               
       
 


4 -4 4 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 1 1

٧ = 2 4 -10; (٧) = -4 4 -2; -1 = 1/12 -4 4 -2 = 1/6 -2 2 -1;

2 -2 8 4 -10 8 4 -10 8 2 -5 4

               
       


2 1 1 -2 -9 2 12 6 0 2 1 0

= 1/6 -2 2 -1 × 4 8 -2 = 1/6 0 18 -6 = 0 3 -1.

2 -5 4 12 16 -2 24 6 6 4 1 1

.

, detA=0.

, ,
det A = 0, (),
.

( det = 0) j = j


( ). , -1 . .

+ + 3z = 5

: 2 2 + z = -3.

+ 5 + 8z = 10

1 1 3

. = 2 -2 1 = 0.

1 5 8

= 0, . :

           
     


1 1 3 5 1 1 3 5 1 1 3 5

2 -2 1 -3 (1) 0 -4 -5 -13 (2) 0 -4 -5 -13;

1 5 8 10 0 4 5 5 0 0 0 -4

 

(1) 1- . 2- 1-, -2, 3- 1-, -1;

(2) 2- . 3- 2-. , 3- : 0 + 0 + 0z = -4.

x, y, z. , ().

 

+ 3z = 4

: 3 z = 16.

2 + 3z = 7

 

1 1 -3

. = 3 -1 -1 = 0.

1 -2 3

= 0, . :

       
   


1 1 -3 4 1 1 -3 4 1 1 -3 4 1 0 -1 5

3 -1 -1 16 (1) 0 -4 8 4 (2) 0 1 -2 -1 (3) 0 1 -2 -1;

1 -2 3 7 0 -3 6 3 0 1 -2 -1 0 0 0 0

(1) 1- . 2- 1-, -3, 3- 1-, -1;

(2) 2- -4, 3- -3;

(3) 2- . 1- 3- 2-, -1.

:

+ 0 z = 5

0 + 2z = -1

0 + 0 + 0z = 0.

, , z, . , . :

= z +5

y = 2z 1.

z = t, t R ( ). :

= t +5

y = 2t 1

z = t.

:

 
 


(t +5) + (2t 1) 3t = 4

3(t +5) (2t 1) t = 16

(t +5) 2(2t 1) + 3t = 7.

t, :

= 5 = 6

, t = 0 y = 1, t = 1 y = 1 . .

z = 0 z = 1

 





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