2. , ?
3. , , , , , . ?
4. ?
5. , . 䳿 ? ? ?
6. : " , "?
:
:
1
100 . , 80 ., 60 .. , .
. 30- . ?
. , ?
. ?
. , 10-, 30- . ?
. , ?
. ?
.
. 30- , , , 80 + 80*0,3 = 104 , (104> 100). , , 60 + 60*0,3 = 78 ., (78<100). .
. , , 80 . (30- ). , .
. , , (), .
|
|
|
. 10- , , , 80 + 80*0,1 = 88 ., (88<100). , , 60 + 60*0,1 = 66 ., (66<100). , .
. , 80 . , , , 10- .
. , , , .
2
. 10 . 100 . , 30 . 110 . 130 .
. ?
. , , ?
:
1. , - , :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
2.
:
) ;
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
3. :
) ;
)
;
) ;
)
;
) ;
) .
4. :
) , ;
) , ;
) , ;
) , .
|
|
|
5. :
) ;
) , ;
) ;
) ?
6. :
) ;
) ;
) , ;
) ?
7. 䳿 , , , :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
8. :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
9. , :
) , , ;
) , ;
) , ;
) .
10. :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) ?
11
: ̳ -
: - , ' , , , , . . , , . , . , - , , , , . ( , , , ), , , . . , .
:
1. , .
2. .
3. , , .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .
:
: , , , , ,
: -, ,
() : , , , , , , , , , , -, ,
|
|
|
-
-
: , , , , ,
: ,
̳ -
̳
-
: ,
ֳ
(currency) , :
(freely usable currency) , ;
(foreign currency) , ;
(currency convertibility) , ;
(national currency) , ;
(full currency) - , ;
(reserve currency) , , 䒺 ;
(hard currency) , , .
(currency quotation) :
- , ;
(indirect), (reciprocal), ;
(direct), (normal), .
() (exchange rate) , , :
(currency board) , () ;
(managed floating exchange rate) , , , , , .
(adjusted exchange rate) , ;
(independently floating exchange rate) , ;
(nominal exchange rate) , , :
|
|
|
n =f/d,
n ; f ; d ;
(HEBK) (nominal effective exchange rate NEER) , , :
Een = Si (PEni * Wi).
e ; Si -; - ; Eni = 1 i/ 0 i ( 1 i) ( 0 i) - ;
Wi = (Xi + Ii)/(Xtotal + Itotal) (Xi + Ii) , ;
(limited flexibile exchange rate) , ;
(flexibile/floating exchange rate) , 䳺 , ;
(real exchange rate) , , :
Er= En * Pf / Pd.
r ; f ; d ;
() (real effective exchange rate REER) , :
Eer = Si (PEri * Wi).
er ; Si -; - ; Eri = r/ 0 ; Wi = (Xi + Ii)/(Xtotal + Itotal) , ;
- (spot rate) , ;
(pegged/fixed exchange rate) , 2,25 %;
(forward rate), , , .
(exchange rate band) , .
(currency devaluation) .
- (J-curve) , .
(elasticity of currency demand) .
, , .
(European Monetary System) - .
- (European Economic and Monetary Union) - , , ( euro).
, .
(single exchange rate) , .
(currency depreciation) .
(gold standard) , .
|
|
|
(gold exchange standard) , , , , .
(managed floating) , .
(currency convertibility) , - , :
(internal convertibility) , , ;
(hard) ;
(capital account convertibility) , , , ;
(current account convertibility) , , , ;
(external convertibility) ;
(soft) ;
(full convertibility) - - ;
(commodity convertibility) , .
:
(dirty floating) ;
(clean floating) .
̳ - (international monetary system) - , .
̳ , : , , (, , , ), SDR (special drawing rights) ( ).
(multiple exchange rate) , , .
(optimum currency area) .
(currency co-circulation) .
(crawling peg) , .
(currency appreciation) .
(real devaluation) , , .
(currency revaluation) .
(speculative attack) , , .
, , .
(Marshall-Lerner condition) () , .
:
(currency substitution) ;
(dollarization) , .
ֳ (target zones) , .
:
1
. - , ( 2009 : EUR: 12,3000; 12,4500; USD: 8,3700; 8,4200). , 100 .
- - , ( , , ). , , EUR/GBP, CHF/JPY, AUD/NZD -. - .
, - , ( ):
| - ( ) | = | . ( ) | = | 8,4200 | = 0,6846 |
| ( ) | 12,300 |
100 , 100/0,6846= 146,07 .
- :
| - ( ) | = | ( ) | = | 12,4500 | = 1,4875 |
| . ( ) | 8,3700 |
100 , 100*1,4875= 148,75 .
2
1000 ͳ 150 . 1233,2590 100 . 1245,2205 100 . ?
1 12,332590 ., 1000 . 150*12,332590*1000 = 1 849 888,5 .
1 12,452205 ., 1000 . 150*12,452205*1000 = 1 867 830,7 .
ᒺ (1 867 830,07 1 849 888,5) = 17942,2 .
3
2006 . ( 1 . ):
| 14 | 15 | |
| , CHF | 1,7022 | 1,7001 |
| , CNP | 1,3780 | 1,3805 |
| , UAH | 5,2731 | 5,2756 |
| , GBP | 0,7017 | 0,7015 |
| , JPY | 132,6341 | 132,6352 |
- , ̳crosoft l, :
