1
1 :
1. . . . s.
2. . . as... as, not so... as.
3. ij. 䳺 . Indefinite (Present, Past, Future). Continuous (Present, Past, Future). Perfect (Present, Past, Future). .
Present Perfect Continuous (Active Voice).
4. : . there + to be. , .
1 ( )
s:
| 1. Great Britain's trading partners visited our country | . |
partners " a partner" ' ;
Great Britain's "Great Britain" .
| 2. She works at her English regularly | . |
works - 䳺 "to work" Present Indefinite.
| 3. My brother's son is an accountant | - |
brother's "a brother" .
| 4. My parents' friends are not government officials | - . |
parents' - "a parent" ;
friends, officials "a friend", "an official".
2 ( IV)
1. She... a new computer last week.
| a) buys b) bought c) will buy | lb |
2. They... already... their report.
| a) have finished b) are finishing c) have been finishing | 2a |
3. When you came, I... the financial statement.
| a)read b) has read c) was reading | 3c |
в
. , s:
1. They will discuss the contract terms tomorrow.
2. Are you phoning from my wife's office?
3. They begin to make cars in all colours and shapes.
. , :
1. She is the (large) typist in our office.
2. Mr. Brown is (old) than Mr. Bush, but he knows his profession (good).
3. The job of a sales manager is (difficult) that of an accountant.
III. , "there + to be ", :
1. ij .
2. .
|
|
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3. .
4. .
5. 2500 ..
6. 2500 .
IV. 䳺, :
1. Who... the tender last month?
a) wins
b) won
c) has won
2. Tom can't find his key from the Accounting Department. He... it.
a) is losing
b) lost
c) has lost
3. Our manager... customers in the afternoon as a rule.
a) met
b) meets
c) has met
4. I... at the plant for three years.
a) worked
b) have worked
c) have been working
5. What... you... at this time on Sunday?
a) are doing
b) will do,,;
c) will be doing
6. She... on the phone now.
a) speaks
b) is speaking
c) has spoken
V. Passive Voice, :
1. The students passed exams in July.
2. The prices were set two days ago.
3. The papers will be signed by all members of the commission.
4. Corporations can build different modern factories.
5. All complaints should be investigated within the short period of time.
6. It's hard to formulate our business strategy.
VI. . 1, 3, 5 .
Manchester
1. Manchester is the second largest city in Lancashire after Liverpool. It is an industrial capital of the North of England. It has a good climate which is neither very cold nor very hot. The highest summary temperature is +27 C; the lowest winter temperature is -6 C.
2. Manchester is 56 kilometres away from sea, but it is third largest port in Great Britain. The Manchester Ship Canal connects the city with the sea.
3. Manchester is a very old city. For a long time it was the centre of the cotton trade not only in Britain but in the whole world. Now it has a large industry. At the factories of Manchester different machines, materials, raincoats, foods, soap and other things are made.
4. The population of Manchester itself is about half a million people, but there are nine other cities not far from Manchester. Together they are now Greater Manchester with a population of about three million people.
5. Manchester was the first city in Britain that built an airport. It was in 1929. Today the Manchester airport connects the city with many big cities in Britain and with different countries of the world.
6. Manchester is an important cultural centre. It has many libraries, museums, art galleries. The famous Hall Orchestra is in Manchester and it gives concerts two times are week. The city has many famous theatres.
VII. , .
1. Manchester is third largest port in Great Britain.
2. Manchester is situated in the south of England.
3. Manchester has no large industry.
4. The population of Manchester is about three million people.
5. There is no airport in Manchester.
6. Manchester is a cultural centre.
II в
. , s:
1. Managers hired many people last year.
2. What have you done with Peter's balance sheet?
3. He always follows the sales manager's advice.
II. , :
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1. We purchased the (late) computer.
2. German cars are (bad) than American ones.
3. The volume of sales in our firm is (high) in our city.
III. , "there + to be ", :
1. ' .
2. ' .
3. - .
4. .
5. .
6. .
IV. 䳺, :
1. Careless students never... their work well.
a) does
b)do
c) have done
2. She... her report two days ago.
a) typed
b) was typing
c) types
3. They often... their business matters with clients.
a) will discuss
b) discuss
c) have discussed
4. The company... its goods all over the world.
a) has sold
b) will sell
c) sells
5. They... at the balance sheet, when we came.
a) worked
b) were working
c) are working
6. The partners... the contract on Monday.
a) will be signed
b) will have signed
c) will sign
V. Passive Voice, :
1. All promotions were approved by managers yesterday.
2. The product's price is not very high.
3. Does Mr. Smith prepare invoices?
4. The budget draft has been discussed for 5 hours.
5. Who operates this computer?
6. The firm was founded 10 years ago.
VI. . 1, 3, 5 .
Washington
1. Washington is the capital of the United States of America. It as been the seat of the American government since 1800. George Washington, the first American president, chose the place, where the city now stands, to build the capital, and the city was named after him.
2. The town is situated on the east coast of the Potomac River. The population of Washington is 640000 people. The climate is one of the worst in the country very hot and muggy in summer and not too cold but damp in winter.
3. Washington has a lot of interesting things to see and it is difficult to find a park, a square or an open area there without
a monument or a memorial. The best - known ones are the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument.
4. Washington has many other famous buildings and monuments the Library of Congress, the Capitol, the National Gallery of Art and others. The Capitol rises in the centre of the city. Not far from the Capitol is the Library of Congress, which is one of the finest picture galleries in America.
5. In Washington you can see the White House, the President's residence, the Pentagon. The offices of the Defence department and Arlington Cemetery, where many Americans are buried.
6. Washington has many universities, such as Georgetown University, George Washington University and Harvard University.
VII. , .
1. The population of Washington is more than one million.
2. Washington's climate is excellent.
3. Washington has been a capital of the USA since 1800.
4. Washington has a lot of interesting things to see.
5. The White House is the President's residence.
6. Washington is the home of Harvard University.
в
. , -:
1. This bank closes at six p. m.
2. Is your company conducting the marketing studies?
3. Have you asked the General Accountant's opinion?
II. , :
1. works (good) who knows his trade.
2. Next time be (careful) than you are today.
3. This is the (accurate) forecast I have ever heard.
III. , "there + to be ", :
|
|
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1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. ʳ 볺.
6. 볺 .
IV. 䳺, :
1. Whenever we come to that office, she always... us warmly.
a) has welcomed
b) welcomes
c) will welcome
2. He... since the early morning.
a) is
b) will be
c) has been
3. Our director... to work every day.
a) is driving
b) has driven
c) drives
4. You... the 10% profit only tomorrow.
a) receive
b) were received
c) will receive
5. We... our sales in the western market last year.
a) will reduce
b)reduced
c) have reduced
6. We... different products by the next year.
a) produce
b) shall have produced
c) will produce
V. Passive Voice, :
1. They process claims twice a week.
2. The offer will be discussed tomorrow. 3.1 was typing from 8 till 11 yesterday.
4. Computers are being sold at this shop from 10 to 14 a. m.
5. The contract is not ready.
6. Many kinds of software are bought by owners of personal computers.
VI. . 1, 3, 5 .
New York
1. New York is one of the largest cities of the world, with the population of more than eleven million. It is situated on several islands and has five districts. There are many bridges between all the districts.
2. New York is the main seaport and the financial, political and Cultural centre of the United States of America. Wall Street is the busiest street; the largest offices of the USA are situated there.
3. Another famous street is Broadway, which is the longest street in the city. It is known as "The Great White Way" because of the electric signs which turn night into day. There are a lot of
restaurants, music halls, theatres, cinemas and shops. People can buy clothes, shoes, food, vegetables, fruit and a lot of other things.
4. Most business is centred in Manhattan Island. The whole area is very small, that's why the skyscrapers were invented in New York. The most famous is the Empire State Building, a 102-storey building.
5. Fifth Avenue is the great shopping, hotel and club avenue. If you go along this avenue, you come to Harlem where the black of New York live, the coloured workers and poor musicians.
6. There are many places of interest in New York. They are the Statue of Liberty, Columbia University, City Hall, and New York Public Library. The United Nation Organization building is in New York. It is on the bank of the East River. In the main hall there is a model of the first sputnik.
VII. , .
1. New York is the maim seaport.
2. The largest offices are situated in Broadway.
3. The skyscrapers were invented in New York.
4. The Empire State Building has 120 storeys.
5. The Statue of Liberty is in New York.
6. The model of the first sputnik is in the City Hall.
IV в
. , -s:
1. The clerk's actions were discussed yesterday.
2. The secretary types business letters every day.
3. We have already discussed the payment's terms.
II. , :
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1. You have an (easy) schedule than I do.
2. The (expensive) toy - 25.500 pounds - was sold at Sotheby's auction in London in 1984.
3. The English language is not (difficult) than the Chinese language.
III. , "there + to be ", :
1. 100 .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. '.
6. ' .
IV. 䳺, :
1. Some years ago the enterprise... all its employees with credit cards.
a) provided
b) is providing
c) provides
2. As a rule, small banks... to two or three founders.
a) will belong
b) has belonged
c) belong
3. When she comes, we... the inventory.
a) have taken
b)take
c) shall be taking
4. They... a lot of money on that project.
a) spent
b) were spending
c) spend
5. Our secretary... busy all day long.
a) was
b) had been
c) has been
6. By this time you... your examination in Marketing.
a) will have taken
b) took
c) take
V. Passive Voice, :
1. Orders are sent by U. S. mail.
2. They are using the latest electronic equipment now.
3. They have traveled all over the world on business.
4. The catalogue hasn't been published yet.
5. This road is being repaired by the new construction team.
6. We studied the interest rates carefully.
VI. . 1, 3, 5 .
Cambridge
1. Cambridge is the second oldest university city in Great Britain after Oxford. Cambridge is situated on the river Cam and takes its name from this river. There are twenty-nine colleges in Cambridge. A large part of the population of the city is teachers and students.
2. All students have to live in Cambridge while they study there. In the streets of Cambridge you can see many young men wearing dark blue or black gowns and black square caps. This tradition goes back to the old times when the students had to wear dark clothes. They
could not play games or sing songs and dance in those days, they could not fish either.
3. The academic year is divided into three terms which usually run from the beginning of October to the middle of December, from the middle of January to the end of March and from the middle of April to the end of June or the beginning of July.
4. At Cambridge a degree examination is called Tripos. In the past the student had to show his knowledge of three subjects -Grammar, Logic and Rhetoric. So he was allowed to bring a small stool or "Tripos" - to sit on. And to this day the degree examinations at Cambridge are called "Tripors" examinations.
5. Many great men have studied at Cambridge: Cromwell, Newton, Byron, Darwin and others. The great Russian scientist I. P. Pavlov came to Cambridge in 1912 to receive the degree of Honorary Doctor of Cambridge. The Students made him a present of a toy dog.
6. Cambridge is known all over the world. Many famous scientists have worked there: Rutherford, Kapitza, and others.
VII. , .
1. The students do not live in Cambridge.
2. The students of Cambridge wear black gowns and square caps.
3. The students had to show knowledge of 4 subjects.
4. The degree examinations are called "Tripors".
5. Newton studied at Cambridge.
6. The students gave to Pavlov a toy cat as a present.
V в
. , .:
1. The expert's conclusions were taken into consideration.
2. They have been our business partners for 5 years.
3. My father-in-law's house costs 1 million dollars.
II. , :
1. She is... (qualified) as her sister.
2. This is the (good) market I had ever seen,
3. You set (favourable) prices than your competitors do.
III. , "there + to be ", :
1. '.
2. '.
3. .
|
|
|
4. .
5. .
6. .
IV. 䳺, :
1. always... his money on modern computer's software.
a) spends
b) was spending
c) spent
2. Those files... to our accountants.
a) will belong
b) belonged
c) belongs
3. The secretaries... a business letter now.
a) have mailed
b) mail
c) are mailing
4. He... here since 2001.
a) works
b) has been working
c) worked
5. Accountants... all the records in the Ledger.
a) were keeping
b)kept
c) keep:
6. We... at the office at 9 yesterday.
a) arrived
b) have arrived
c) arrives
V. Passive Voice, :
1. This question is being discussed at the meeting now.
2. I'm afraid I left my papers at home.
3. Have the goods been ordered?
4. The telegram was not sent there.
5. They have seen this report twice.
6. The brand image had been developed in the course of presentation work.
VI. . 1, 3, 5 .
Boston
1. Boston is the capital of Massachusetts, as well as the largest city and the cultural and commercial centre of New England. The city was founded in 1630, 10 years after the Pilgrims landed in Plymouth.
2. In the centre of the city is Boston Common, the nation's oldest public park. Early in the city's history, in 1634, this place of land was a military training field and a public cattle pasture. Many of the streets in Boston are narrow and winding because they began as cow paths. In his boyhood Benjamin Franklin grazed his family's cow there.
3. Just across the Charles River from Boston is Cambridge, home of Harvard University and the Institute of Technology, Harvard's
museums are world famous, its Widener Library with about six million books is the world's largest university library.
4. Cambridge also had a part in the American Revolution, it was under an elm tree in the Cambridge Common that George Washington took command of the Continental Army on July 3, 1775.
5. West of Boston are the picturesque and historic towns of Lexington and Concord. It was on Lexington Green in the early morning hours of April 19, 1775, that the capital of the Colonial Militia announced, "Don't fire unless fired on. But if they mean to have a war, let it begin here." - words which, with the battle, that followed, changed the course of history.
VII. , .
1. Boston Common is the nation's oldest park.
2. In 1634 Boston Common was a market.
3. G. Washington took command of the Army in Cambridge.
4. B. Franklin lived in Boston.
5. Boston is the capital of the USA.
6. The city was founded 100 years ago.
II
2
2 :
1. 䳺:
) Participle I (Present Participle) Participle II (Past Participle), ;
) (Gerund), .
2. 䳺 .
3. 䳺 to be, to have, to do.
( )
| 1. The changes affecting the composition of materials are called chemical changes. | , , . |
affecting Participle , .
| 2. When heated to the boiling point, water evaporates | . , . |
heated - Participle II, .
