, , .
,
Re = = 20002320.
v, L n Re . Re < Re , v < v ; Re > Re , v > v .
, . :
- ;
- ( );
- ( ).
3
: .
3.1
: ( ) . .
, , .
: , .
= const, (3.1)
- , /3;
, ;
- ( ), ;
v , /;
g , /2.
:
z ;
- ;
- ;
- .
, ( ) ( ). :
- , ;
- , ;
- ( ) , .
:
z , ;
- , ;
- ( ), ;
- , .
, (. 3.1). (z1 = z2) 1-1 2-2
|
|
= . (3.2)
.
(3.1) (3.2) () . , () . () h, . () ( = = 1)
= + h.
i l, (.. ), /:
i = .
, .
. , .
4
: .
4.1
. () 1-1 2-2 (. 4.1) ,
Dh = 1 - 2 = -
:
D h = -
( ) Dh - , :
Dh = l× × (4.1)
- ( );
- , ;
v , /.
, d, k v. Re :
l = f ,
- , (. ).
() , .
(Re<Re) :
l = (4.2)
(Re>Re) . . ( Re) (. 4.2, ). , , . . 10. :
|
|
l = (4.3)
, (. 4.2 ). , .. . 10 500. :
l = 0,11× (4.4)
(. 4.2, ). . 500. :
l = 0,11× (4.5)
5
: .
5.1
, () . , ,
D h = z ´ (5.1)
v , , /;
V , ;
g , /2.
, , , , .
V , . V .
V (5.1), . , (1-1 2-2 ),
D h = - ,
z1, z2 , ;
, - , ;
a1 × , a2 × - , .
, , .
,
D h = - .
(5.1) z
z = ´D h (5.1, )
v1 ( )
z..1 = = (5.2)
w1 - , 2;
w2 - , 2;
n = - . n w2 ( ) w1 ( ).
v2
|
|
z..2 = = (5.3)
z.. = (5.4 )
e - , w w2 ( ) e = .
e n :
e = 0,57 + (5.4 )
n w2 ( ) w1 ( ):
n = . (5.4 )
900 :
z90 = (5.5)
d , ;
R , ;
l - .
6
: , , .
6.1
. .
, . , S £ 0,1 . , . . d £ (0,20,5)× d, ( d < 3 d),. , . - [ l (3.5) d ].
, [ l (0,51)× d ] . wc w e
e = (6.1)
v , /:
v = × = j × (6.2)
, ;
a - . a 1;
z - , ;
j - .
j = = (6.3)
j . , , . ,
j = = ,
vmax () . vmax = .
, , , 3/
Q = m × w × (6.4)
m - ;
w - , 2.
|
|
m .
m e j
m = e ´ j (6.5)
, , ()
m = = .
, z, e, j, m, d .
( ) . 6.1 , .
- r
t0, 0C | , | t0, 0C | , | t0, 0C | , |
999,84 | 999,10 | 995,64 | |||
999,90 | 998,94 | 994,03 | |||
999,94 | 998,77 | 992,21 | |||
999,96 | 998,59 | 990,21 | |||
999,97 | 998,40 | 988,04 | |||
999,96 | 998,20 | 985,70 | |||
999,94 | 997,99 | 983,21 | |||
999,90 | 997,77 | 980,56 | |||
999,85 | 997,53 | 977,78 | |||
999,78 | 997,29 | 974,86 | |||
999,70 | 997,04 | 971,80 | |||
999,60 | 996,78 | 968,62 | |||
999,49 | 996,51 | 965,31 | |||
999,37 | 996,23 | 961,89 | |||
999,24 | 995,94 | 958,35 |
r.,
- t0, 0 | , . . | - t0, 0 | , . . | ||||||
1,225 | 1,259 | 1,293 | 1,310 | 1,149 | 1,181 | 1,213 | 1,229 | ||
1,216 | 1,250 | 1,284 | 1,301 | 1,141 | 1,173 | 1,205 | 1,221 | ||
1,208 | 1,241 | 1,275 | 1,291 | 1,134 | 1,165 | 1,197 | 1,212 | ||
1,199 | 1,232 | 1,266 | 1,282 | 1,126 | 1,157 | 1,189 | 1,204 | ||
1,190 | 1,223 | 1,257 | 1,273 | 1,118 | 1,149 | 1,181 | 1,196 | ||
1,182 | 1,215 | 1,247 | 1,264 | 1,111 | 1,142 | 1,173 | 1,188 | ||
1,173 | 1,206 | 1,239 | 1,255 | 1,104 | 1,134 | 1,165 | 1,180 | ||
1,165 | 1,198 | 1,230 | 1,246 | 1,196 | 1,127 | 1,157 | 1,173 | ||
1,157 | 1,189 | 1,221 | 1,238 | 1,086 | 1,116 | 1,146 | 1,161 |