. 1.11 , : , . D E U .
1 - ; 2 - ; 3 - , ; 4 - ; 5 -
1.10 -
1 - ; 2 - ; 3 -
1.11 -
1.3
1. , . . U- .
2. 5 .
3. , ( ) .
4. 1 .
5. 
.
6. 
.
7. ³ 5. .
. 1.1.
1.1 , ,
| . . | ||
| 1. ³ ( ) , | ||
2. ( )
| ||
| 3. , 1 | ||
| 4.
| ||
| 5.
| 0 | |
6. 
| ||
7. 
|
8. 
.
9. U- . 1.2.
1.2 - ,
| . . | ||
| 1. , | ||
| 2.
| 0 | |
| 3. U D | ||
| 4. U |
1.4
(1.1), (1.2 ) (1.3) ( ) , , , . . 1.3.
1.3 -
1. .
2. .
|
|
|
3. 1.1, 1.2 1.3.
4. .
1. , .
2. . , . .
3. . .
4. 䳿 .
5. . . ij .
6. . . ij .
7. ?
2
̲ в
: .
2.1
, , , u. . , .
.
() , , , . ( u, j, p, h) (x, y, z) t.
- , , , , ().
.
г , v .
, v .
, . , , , ( ), .
w , .
' Q ' V, t , (3/):
Q = 
(2.1)
c () , .
ó R w c
R = 
(2.2)
³ 
d
d = 
= 4´ R (2.3)
v ' Q w
v = 
(2.4)
㳿 .
: (. 2.1).
, () , , ( lamina , ).
|
|
|
, () , ( turbulentus , ).
, v, L, : r ' ( ' h ' n). , ()
Re = 
= 
(2.5)
('). .
L d ( ), R 
. ,
Re d = 
, 
= 
, Re d = 
2.1 - ( )
| Re < Re | Re > Re | |
г ,
| ().
(  0,01  ) ΄ , '. ,
| |
΄ . ΄
 - '. .
| ,  , ΄:
 - ( '). . , .
΄ ΄ . ' '. ΄ .
| |
uma x
- ;
d ;
 - ;
 - ';
i .
| ΄ (0,6...0,8) v.
.
( ) . , ,
u , .
| |
| v umax | . v = 0,5´ umax | , u. v = umax 3,75´ u. v = (0,9...0,99)´ umax v = 0,9´ umax. |
| 㳿 | 㳿 (n = 1) | 㳿 n = (1,75...2) |
|
|
|
, , . : , . ³ .
0 
Re
=20002320, = 4000100000.
( ) : , , , , , .. ( ) .
, , .
,
Re = = 20002320
- v, L n Re . Re < Re , v < v ; Re > Re , v > v .
, . :
- ;
- ( );
- ( ).
2.2
, . 2.1, .
1 - (); 2 - ; 3 - ; 4 - ; 5 - ; 6 - ; 7 - ; 8 -
2.1 -
1, . () 1 . . 2 3 . 4 .
5 6 , . 7. ϳ .
v . г , (. 2.2 ).
2.2 - () (, )
(. 2.2 ). () .
|
|
|
. .
, . (10-20 ) (. 2.2 ).
2.3
1. (3) , .
2. (3), ( (8) ).
3. ³ (7) , . .
4. (8) . h t.
5. (8) (3...4 ).
6. (. ) ' n.
2.2.
2.2 -
| t, | hi, | w, 2 | ij d, | , t0 0 | ʳ ' n, 2/ | ||
2.4
1. ' V, t - , 3:
V = hi × w,
h - , ;
- , 2.
2. ' Q - , 3/:
Q = ,
t , c.
3. v - ' , /:
v = = 
,
w - , 2.
4. :
Re = .
5.
( ).
6. Re = f (v) .
7. 2.3.
2.3 -
| ( ) | ' V, 3 | ' Q, 3/ | v, / | , Re | ( ) | |
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. Re = f (v).
5. .
:
1. .
2. .
3. , .
4. .
5. .
3
Բ ֲ в ˲
: .
3.1
: ' ( ) . г 㳿 .
