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6. , . 77 122F 100 210F. , : : =1 g/cm=sec =100 , v: = 100 . :: 1 (lbrsec/ft2) = 479 , v: l (ft2/sec) = 30.482 .

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TEXT B: THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

I. , , :

What does the value of the thermal conductivity depend upon? What does the thermal conductivity vary with? Why does the author say, that the thermal conductivity is analogous to viscosity? Why are good heat conductors also good electric conductors?

II. :

Value store Free electron transport

Energy exchange Specific heat Linearly

To impart Lattice vibration Average value

To transport Mass density Specimen

TEXT

1. The thermal conductivity is analogous to viscosity, since its value depends upon the energy exchange between molecules in motion. Faster-moving molecules impart some of their energy to slower-moving ones in the collision process. An increase in temperature increases molecular motion, transferring energy from regions of higher temperature to regions of lower temperature. Thermal conductivity varies with

temperature and pressure, being much more sensitive to temperature than pressure. For engineering purposes it is independent of pressure in solids, liquids, and most gases below the critical pressure.

2. It is frequently convenient to use the ratio of a material's ability to transport energy to its capacity to store energy. This is the thermal diffusivity, defined as, x=k/ where p is the mass density of the material and is is its specific heat.

3. The energy transfer in solids is by lattice vibration and by free-electron transport. Since in metals, free-electron transport is more prominent than lattice vibration, good heat conductors are also good electric conductors.

4. For many materials thermal conductivity varies linearly with temperature, i.e., k=k0 (1+aT), where k0 is the value at zero temperature and a is a constant which depends upon the material. For such materials it is convenient to use an average value of thermal conductivity in making calculations of heat transfer.

5. Thermal conductivity can be measured in a variety of ways, all of which depend upon the observation of a temperature gradient across a specimen conducting a known amount of heat.

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2. . - , , x=k/ , p - , , .

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4. , .., k=k0 (1+aT), k0 - , . .





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