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1. understand matter it is necessary to consider its molecules, which are in constant motion, colliding and rebounding not unlike billiard balls. To describe matter the history of each molecule must be known. This requires knowing each molecule's velocity and acceleration which is quite impossible except statistically. In engineering applications, however, we are interested only in the manifestations of the molecular motion, i.e., what can be sensed and expressed in measurable terms? The answer is properties.

2. A property (an observable quantity) always has the same value when measured under the same conditions, regardless of how those conditions were reached. Consider a small closed container of gas. What happens as the number of molecules is reduced? The force per unit area on the wall of the container resulting from the collision of molecules, which is the pressure "p", is decreased, since pressure is the effect of the average force resulting from repeated impacts of the molecules on the wall. There is a point, however, below which a reduction in one molecule produces a pressure which is discontinuous; hence, it is not reproducible when brought to the same conditions, and therefore it is not a property. This occurs when the mean free path of the molecules, the average distance traveled by the molecules between collisions, is of the same order of magnitude as the smallest significant length (the side of the container in the case under consideration). This point where behavior changes determines the lower bound of the continuum. The continuum results from a continuous distribution of matter.

3. A property has meaning only in a continuum. Noncontinuum behavior is treated in statistical mechanics and the kinetic theory of gases.

4. The property density "p" is defined as the mass per unit volume. Specific volume "v" is the reciprocal of density; that is, v=I/p. Specific gravity "S" is the ratio of the density of a substance to that of pure water at 4C and 76 cm Hg.

5. Temperature "T" is a property which enables us to determine whether two bodies or two adjacent fluid elements are in thermal equilibrium. It is a measure of the average translational kinetic energy of the molecules. We use the terms "hot" and "cold" in reference to high and low temperatures. Although temperature is a familiar property, it is difficult to define because the definition must be indirect, through the concept of equality of temperature.

6. The property concentration "w" is of value when dealing with mixtures, such as dye in water or lemon in iced tea. In a diffusing mixture, the mass of individual species per unit volume, mass concentration, may be significant as in the example of having enough sugar in one's coffee.

7. Properties are interrelated. For example, water and sulfuric acid, initially at the same temperature, will rise in temperature when they are mixed. The amount of temperature rise depends on the concentration.

8. The interrelation of fluid properties is in the domain of thermodynamics. During the conversion of energy within the fluid or between the fluid and its surroundings, the condition and motion of the fluid are affected. An equation of state relates the properties of the fluid as it undergoes a change. Fortunately, for most substances of engineering interest, the equation of state has a simple mathematical form.

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