̲
1 ....................................................................5
2 ...........................................................................................................................5
3 ................................................................................................................................6
4 ................................................................................................6
4.1 , V, T ..........................................................................7
4.2 u, h, S ..........................................................................8
4.3 
, 
, 
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, ..............................9
4.4 p-V, -S, h-S..........................................................................10
4.5 
, 
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......................................................................................12
4.6 ....................................................................................12
..........................................................................................................................................14
...........................................................................................................................................15
..........................................................................................................................................19
.....................................................................................................20
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