Stylistics, as a branch of linguistics, cant avoid references to other disciplines and sciences for some of their issues overlap. Among them are: Theory of Information, Literature, Logic, Psychology, Psycholinguistics, Culturology, Sociology, Statistics.
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ә:
1. I.V. Arnold. Stylistics. Modern English. Moscow, 2002.
2. Yu. M. Skrebnev. Fundamentals of stylistics. Moscow, 1994, 2002.
Қ ә:
1. I.R. Galperin. Stylistics. Moscow, 1977.
2. T.. . .., 2005, 208 .
3. - wikipedia.com, www.ling.upenn.edu
ә қ: 2. Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary
ә :
1. A special branch of linguistic science-lexicology
2. Special literary vocabulary
3. Archaisms
General considerations. In order to get a more or less idea of the word stock of any language, it must be presented as a system, the elements of which are interconnected, interrelated and yet independent. The word stock of a language may be represented as a definite system in which different aspects of words may be singled out as interdependent. A special branch of linguistic science-lexicology - has done much to classify vocabulary. For our purpose, i. e. for linguistic stylistics, a special type of classification, stylistic classification is the most important.
The aspect of the neutral layer is its universal character. That means it is unrestricted in its use. It can be employed in all styles of language and in all spheres of human activity. The literary layer of words consists of groups accepted as legitimate members of the English vocabulary. They have no local or dialectal character. The colloquial layer of words as qualified in most English or American dictionaries is not infrequently limited to a definite language community or confine to a special locality where it circulates. The literary vocabulary consists of the following groups of words: 1) common literary; 2) terms and learned words; 3) poetic words; 4) archaic words; 5) barbarisms & foreign words; 6) literary coinages including nonce words.
The colloquial vocabulary falls into the following groups: 1) common colloquial words; 2) slang; 3) jargonisms; 4) professional words; 5) dialectal words; 6) vulgar words; 7) colloquial coinages.
The common literary, neutral and common colloquial words are grouped under the term standard English vocabulary.
Special literary vocabulary consist of:
Terms
Poetic and highly literary words
Archaisms
Barbarism and foreign words
Literary and home - words
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ә:
1. T.. . . ., 2005, 208 .
2. I.V. Arnold. Stylistics. Modern English. Moscow., 2002.
3. Yu. M. Skrebnev. Fundamentals of stylistics. Moscow., 1994, 2002.
Қ ә:
1. I.R. Galperin. Stylistics. Moscow, 1977.
2. -: www.Wikipedia.com, www.ling.upend.edu
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ә қ: 3. Meanings of Language Units
ә :
1. Meanings of Language Units: A General Division
2. Stylistic (Pragmatic) Meaning
a) Expressive Meaning
b) Emotive Meaning
c) Evaluative Meaning
3. Pragmatics as a Branch of Science
4. Denotation and Connotation Meanings
5. The Difference between Semantics and Pragmatics
Tips for Learning:
1. While preparing for the seminar, a special attention should be paid to the preeminence of the notion of stylistic meaning among other categories of Stylistics. Besides, investigations in this sphere are closely connected with the theory of functional styles, because linguistic means adherence to this or that functional style is reflected in their functional-stylistic component in their absolute stylistic meaning.
2. The stylistic meaning of the word should not be mixed up with the lexical one, as the latter is broader and more complex, which includes the stylistic meaning in its structure.
3. When preparing for the question about the stylistic connotational meaning, you should appeal to some aspects of theory of communication. Additional information is optional and is realized in the connotative meaning of the word, which serves as an addition to the denotative meaning. The mentioned above information contains the emotive, the expressive and the evaluative components and depends on the speakers/literary character/authors social status, age group, subjective peculiarities of the message sender or other situational factors of the communication.
4. All possible meanings of the word should be presented schematically at the seminar as it enhances understanding of meaning as a phenomenon.
Ә:
ә:
1. I.V. Arnold. Stylistics. Modern English. Moscow., 2002.
2. Yu. M. Skrebnev. Fundamentals of stylistics. Moscow., 1994, 2002.
Қ ә:
1. I.R. Galperin. Stylistics. Moscow, 1977.
2. T.. . . ., 2005, 208 .
3. .. , ., 2009
4. - : wikipedia.com, www.ling.upenn.edu
ә қ: 4. Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices.
ә :
I. General view on SDs and EMs
1. Expressive Means
2. Stylistic Devices
II. General view on Figures of Speech
Tips for Learning:
1. Some linguists among them Yu.M. Skrebnev considers that expressive means of language constitute the subject of stylistics only partially. Having an option to the force of form rather than that of logic, they are employed in spheres of speech that aim to impress: poetry, fiction, oratory, colloquial speech, but hardly ever science, technology, business letters.
In his opinion it would be wrong to confine the aims of stylistics to the
investigating expressive means only. Style is regarded as a system of
special stylistic devices except that we do not know as yet what these
devices are. Stylistic perception is formed in people's minds not only by
"special devices", but also by certain minor features, not conspicuous by
themselves, but collectively affecting the stylistic quality of the text.
2. Working on the seminar you should also pay attention to plurality of terms suggested by Western and former Soviet scholars. As I.R. Galperins approach is taken into consideration in this course, your special concentration should be given to the terms of Expressive Means and Stylistic Device. Distinguishing between the two seems not an easy matter.
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3. The main constituting feature of a SD is binary opposition of
two meanings of the employed unit, one of which is normatively fixed in the
language and does not depend upon context, while the other one originates
within certain context and is contextual.
4. Be able to speak on the problem of the norm in language. Provide five examples of SDs and EMs from Russian lyrics and five of those from English. Be ready to quote them, state the SD, and give the idea implied in them.
Ә:
ә:
1. I.V. Arnold. Stylistics. Modern English. Moscow., 2002.
2. Yu. M. Skrebnev. Fundamentals of stylistics. Moscow., 1994, 2002.
Қ ә:
1. I.R. Galperin. Stylistics. Moscow, 1977.
2. T.. . . ., 2005, 208 .
3. - wikipedia.com, www.ling.upenn.edu
ә қ: 5. Phonetic Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
ә :
1. General Notes on Phonetic SDs.
2. Phonetic SDs Proper
A) Onomatopoea
B) Alliteration
C) Assonance
D) Euphony
E) Paronomasia
Tips for Learning:
1. During the preparation for the seminar it is worth while examining the notion of sound symbolism, which was first described by Socrates, then by Charles Bailey. The latter tried to combine Stylistics and Psychology in his works. Humans sensations while pronouncing diverse sounds and perception of the articulation are at the basis of this theory. Bailey considered that, for example, when pronouncing bilabial sounds [p], [b], [f] the speaker blows his/her cheeks out, which symbolizes expressive, emotional perception of the words uttered.
2. Pier Maruzo dealt chiefly with vowels. The scholar thought that sounds [e], [i] are light ad elevated, albeit [o:] is a low and weighty sound.
De Laski (a Canadian Stylist), studied Dickens literary creativity, analyzed names and family names of the main characters from the point of view of the way they are pronounced. Positive characters names contained light sounds, negative ones dark sounds.
3. It should be also taken into consideration that in all manifestations of sound symbolism we have to do with hidden expressiveness, which becomes obvious in a flow of speech under good circumstances. Thus, it can be either revealed or remain hidden. It is also worth mentioning potential conditions which are influenced by a readers motivation to understand a piece of a literary work.
Ә:
ә:
1 I.V. Arnold. Stylistics. Modern English. Moscow, 2002.
2 Yu. M. Skrebnev. Fundamentals of stylistics. Moscow, 2002.
3 I.R. Galperin. Stylistics. Moscow, 1977
Қ ә:
1. T.. . . ., 2005, 208 .
2. - wikipedia.com, www.ling.upenn.edu
