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The Legal System of the UK




British law comes from two main sources: laws made in Parliament (usually drawn up by government departments and lawyers), and Common Law, which is based on previous judgments and customs. Just as there is no written Constitution, so England and Wales have neither criminal code nor civil code and the interpretation of the law is based on what has happened in the past. The laws which are made in Parliament are interpreted by the courts, but changes in the law itself are made in Parliament.

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The most common type of law court in England and Wales is the magistrates court. There are 700 magistrates courts and about 30,000 magistrates.

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More serious criminal cases then go to the Crown Court, which has 90 branches in different towns and cities. Civil cases (for example, divorce or bankruptcy cases) are dealt with in the County courts.

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Appeals are heard by higher courts. For example, appeals from magistrates court are heard in the Crown Court, unless they are appeals on points of law. The highest court of appeal in England and Wales is the House of Lords. (Scotland has its own High Court in Edinburgh which hears all appeals from Scottish courts.) Certain cases may be referred to the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg. In addition, individuals have made the British Government change its practices in a number of areas as a result of petitions to the European Court of Human Rights.

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The legal system also includes juvenile courts (which deal with offenders under seventeen) and coroners courts (which investigate violent, sudden or unnatural deaths). There are administrative tribunals which make quick, cheap and fair decisions with much less formality. Tribunals deal with professional standards or disputes between individuals and government departments (for example, over taxation).

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II. :

to make laws - , judgment - , to deal with - , the Crown Court - ( ), criminal code - , unnatural death () , common type - , the County Court - , written Constitution - , civil code - , civil cases - .

III. :

- The legal system, - civil code, , - written Constitution, - offender, - the European Court of Human Rights, - juvenile courts, - unnatural death, - higher courts, - dispute.

IV. :

1. Who is responsible for making laws in Britain? - Parliament

2. What is the most common type of law court in England and Wales? - The most common type of law court in England and Wales is the magistrates court.

3. Which court deals with civil cases? - Civil cases are dealt with in the County courts.

4. Which court deals with criminal cases? - More serious criminal cases then go to the Crown Court.

5. Which court would deal with the following:

- a bank robbery? - The Crown Court

- a divorce case? - The County court

- a burglary committed by a fifteen-year-old boy? - The Juvenile courts

- a drowning? - The coroners courts

- a case of driving too fast? - The Administrative tribunals

V. , :

1. Criminal law is concerned with wrongful acts harmful to the community.

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2. Civil law is concerned with individuals rights, duties and obligations towards one another.

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VI. :

1- arrest a. person charged in a court of law
2- bankruptcy b. give a punishment
3- burglary c. found to have broken a law
4- defendant d. stick carried by a policeman
5- fraud e. inability to pay ones debts
6- guilty f. breaking into a building to steal
7- prosecute g. deceiving to make money
8- sentence h. seize a person by law
9- statute i. law established by Parliament
10- truncheon j. bring a criminal charge against someone

 

1-h, 2-e, 3-f, 4-a, 5-g, 6-c, 7-j, 8-b, 9-I, 10-d

 

VII. , , :

1. Most people who are found guilty by Magistrates courts have to pay a fine.

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2. Magistrates courts can impose fines of up to £2,000 or prison sentences of up to six months.

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3. If the punishment is to be more severe the case must go to a Crown Court.

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4. Should police officers be responsible for patrolling the street?

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5. The House of Lords can revise bills but it cannot stop them from becoming Acts.

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6. Courts may be classified in a number of ways, for example, higher and lower courts.

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VIII. , , :

1. The report to be written by the investigator must include all the facts collected during the investigation.

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2. The judge expected the witness to give all the information about that fact.

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3. The person to be interviewed is supposed to have witnessed the crime.

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4. The crime to be investigated by Scotland Yard occurred on the Thames.

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5. A crime is considered to be a socially dangerous act directed against the social and state system, the system of economy, property and other rights of citizens.

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IX. :

1. Having assessed the facts the jury returned the verdict.

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2. Being the highest court the House of Lords has appellation jurisdiction.

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X. , :

1. The police suspected the teenager of being an offender.

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3. According to the law the magistrate conducting a preliminary hearing is obliged to inform the accused of his having a right to legal counsel.

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4. Everybody was surprised at the penalty being so severe.

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